Ibhunga leZemstvo: inkcazo emfutshane

Amabhunga eZemstvo yimbutho elawulayo eyadalwa ngenxa yenguqu ye-1864 ngexesha lolawulo luka-Alexander II. La maziko asungulwa njengenxalenye yoluhlu lweenguqulelo ezenziwa kwisiqingatha sesibini sale nkulungwane.

Impawu zexesha

Ukuphazamiseka ngokukhawuleza kwenguqu kuzo zonke iindawo zaseRussia kwakukupheliswa kweesfowuni. Eli nyathelo elibalulekileyo ludinga ukutshintshwa kwangoku kwintlalo, ezokuphatha, iinkqubo zolawulo, kunye nokuveliswa kwimiba yemfundo nenkcubeko. Ngoko ke, ngokwenene kwiminyaka elishumi uluhlu lwamanyathelo athatyathwe ukuguqula ukuphathwa kunye namaziko omgwebo. Ngo-1864, umbusi wasayina ummiselo malunga nokusekwa kwamaziko akhethekileyo e-zemstvo. Imodeli efanayo yagqitywa kamva kwaye ukulungiswa komzi. Umthetho omtsha wenkululeko waseyunivesiti waqaliswa, unikezela ezi ziko ukuzimela ngokubanzi. Ngoko, ukudala ulawulo lolawulo lwengingqi lwaluyindlela ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yenguqu ka-Alexander II.

Ngaphambili

Amabhunga aseZemstvo ayengekho amatsha: ulungiso lolungiso olunjalo lulungiswe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane. UAlexandro Ndayalela uSperansky ukuba alungise ukulungiswa ukukhulisa amalungelo namagunya asekuhlaleni. Isicwangciso esakhiwe yilo mposisi sasijolise ekudalweni kwamagatya amathathu: i-volost, i-zezd kunye nephondo. Kulolu hlobo ngalunye kula mazinga, kwakhiwa ukutshabalaliswa kweendawo: abaphathi beendawo-abanini-mhlaba kunye nabasimili-mhlaba babenza i-Dolo ye-volost, eyayikhetha ibhunga lesithili, okokugqibela, kwakha iphondo, kunye ne-Russia-Duma. Olu luhlu olukhethiweyo lolawulo lwaseRashiya, mhlawumbi, luyiprojekthi ebaluleke kakhulu yeSperansky, nangona ukuba abalimi abafihliweyo babengavunyelwe ukuvota. Nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kwekhulu, esi sicwangciso asizange siphumeze kwaye kunye nezinguqu eziphawulekayo ezenziwe kwi-Alexander II.

Izibonelelo ezisisiseko

Amabhunga eZemstvo ayingxenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo entsha yokuzimela. Ngokwezimiselo, iindibano zephondo zeZemstvo zephondo kunye nezithili zenziwa kwizinga lendawo, ekukhethiweyo, ezikhethiweyo ezilawulayo. Abemi babenxaxheba kuphela ekukhetheni kwintlanganiso yesithili. Abavoti baqulethwe ngabanini-mhlaba, abemi basezidolophini nabasimizi. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabo kwakunqongophelelwa ngumgangatho wepropati. Kwiqela lokuqala - ubunini bomhlaba ubuncinane ubunama-acre angama-200, i-real estate engekho ngaphantsi kwama-ruble ayi-15. Okanye ingeniso ethile yonyaka.

Abavoti beSixeko babefanele babe nezoshishino okanye iinkampani zoshishino okanye ingeniso yonyaka engama-ruble angama-6. Unyulo lwabantu abaphakathi kwamabakala amibini: uluntu lwasekuhlaleni kunye nomasipala wasemaphandleni. Ngaloo ndlela, ukukhethwa kwabanikezwayo kwabanikazi bomhlaba abakhulu kunye ne-bourgeoisie, ngelixa amalungelo eyona nxalenye ebalulekileyo yabemi ayinganiselwe.

Ulwakhiwo

Iibhunga zeZemstvo zonyulwe ngamasonto ephondo kunye nezithili zemstvo. Iinkokheli zeenduna ziholele ezi ntlanganiso. Ngaloo ndlela, eli lizwe lithatha izikhundla eziphambili kule miqumrhu karhulumente wengingqi. Kodwa le mizimba yayingenalo igunya lezopolitiko, imisebenzi yabo yayinganiselwe ekuxazululeni iimfuno zendawo kunye nokuhlaliswa komhlaba. Ngaphezu koko, imisebenzi yabo yayilawulwa yiziphathimandla eziphambili kunye nakummandla. Ngaloo ndlela, usihlalo webhunga lezemstvo kwiphondo liqinisekiswa nguMphathiswa weMicimbi yangaphakathi. Kukho amaninzi amaninzi xa umsebenzi waloo rhulumente wasekhaya wawunancipha. Ukongezelela, abazange babe neenjongo zabo zokuzigweba nokukhusela kwaye, ukuba kunyanzelekile, baphoqeleka ukuba bakhenele amapolisa kunye nokulawula, ngaloo ndlela bavume ukuxhomekeka kwabo kubo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuguqulwa kwegalelo kuye kwaba negalelo ekusebenziseni imisebenzi yentlalo ye-intelligentsia emhlabeni.

Imisebenzi

Inyaniso yokuba ngabaphathi bee-zemstvo bovotyiweyo bavumile ukuba ubungakanani bamagunya abanomdla ekumiseni ukulawulwa kwezi ziko. Intloko yorhulumente wengingqi yamiselwa ngokuvunyelwa kwirhuluneli, eyayiqwalasela imisebenzi yoorhulumente wengingqi. Umsebenzi wamalungu amatsha wawubandakanya intlangano yezibonelelo zikawonkewonke: kwimeko yabo kwakukho iindlela zonxibelelwano, izibhedlele, imfundo karhulumente, ukuphuculwa kweteknoloji yezolimo kunye noncedo ekuphuhliseni ezolimo. Bakha uhlahlo lwabo lwabiwo-mali, ngokusekelwe kwerhafu kwi-estate, kunye nenqwaba ewa phantsi kweentlanga. Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi abameli be-intelligentsia bathatha ukuguqulwa ngentshiseko: oogqirha abaninzi abanetalente, ootitshala, abancedisi bezonyango, oonjiniyela baqalisa ukusebenza kwiindawo zasemaphandleni kunye negalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwezoqoqosho, ezentlalo kunye nenkcubeko.

Nentsingiselo

Kule nkqubo entsha, amabhunga e-zemstvo ayinxalenye yesigqeba esinqununu, ekubeni ijongene ngqo neemfuno zendawo. Wanyulwa iminyaka emithathu kwaye wayenesihlalo kunye namalungu amathathu. Kodwa nangona kubalulekile ukubonakala kobuchule bokuhlaziywa, kwakunentsingiselo ebalulekileyo ngokuthelekiswa nesicwangciso sikaSperansky, esinikezela ukuveliswa kwenkqubo yonyulo yonxibelelwano, ukusuka kwinqanaba elincinci lekarhulumente, iDolo volost ukuya kumbutho wonke waseRussia, i-State Duma, apho phantse kuwo onke amanqanaba abantu. Ngokutsho kohlaziyo lwe-1864, amabhunga e-zemstvo wephondo kunye nesithili, kunye neentlanganiso, eqinisweni, yimizimba yodwa ekhethiweyo engenaso isiseko, i-volost level kunye ne-All-Russian Duma.