USophia Tolstaya: ifoto kunye ne-biography

Umfazi ophawulekayo nguSophia Tolstaya, umfazi kaLeon Tolstoy. I- biografi yakhe ihambelana ngokubhekiselele kubomi kunye nomsebenzi womlingane wakhe omkhulu. Lo mfazi wenza imibingelelo ebomini kunye noluntu lwasezidolophini ukuze abe naye. Emva kokufa kombhali, nguSofia Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya owayeshicilela ilifa lakhe. Inkcazo yeli bhinqa iya kuxutyushwa ngokucacileyo kwinqaku.

NgoSeptemba 23, 1862, uTolstoy watshata. Igama lomama uSophia Andreyevna Tolstoy - Bers. Ngelo xesha, le ntombazana yayineminyaka eyi-18 ubudala, kunye noLevi Levkolaevich - 34. Esi sibini sasihlala ndawonye ixesha elide - iminyaka engama-48. Bahlukana ngokufa kukaCount Tolstoy. Nangona kunjalo, lo mtshato awukwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi ungenanto engonwabileyo kwaye kulula. USofya Tolstaya wazala abantwana abangama-13 ku-Lev Nikolaevich. Washicilela iqoqo lobomi bemisebenzi kaTolstoy, kunye ne-posthumous edition of letters of author. ULeon Nikolayevich, kwincwadi yokugqibela, ebhekiswe kumfazi emva kokuxabana, wavuma ukuba, nangona kunjalo, uyamthanda, kodwa akakwazi ukuhlala naye. Emva koko wahamba uhambo lwakhe lokugqibela waya kwisikhululo. "Astapovo".

Ngaba uSofya Andreevna ungumfazi omubi?

Njengokuba ngethuba lobomi bomyeni wakhe, kwaye emva kokufa kukaLeon Nikolayevich Sofya Andreevna wamangalelwa ngokungaqondi umyeni wakhe, ukwabelana ngemibono yakhe. Wayecinga ukuba yayingeyona ndawo kwaye kakhulu kude neengcamango zeTolstoy. ULevi Nikolaevich ngokwakhe wammangalela ngoku. Enyanisweni, le nto yayiyona sizathu esibalulekileyo sokungafani kwabo, ukusibekela ubuncinane ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-20 yokugqibela yobomi bomtshato. Nangona kunjalo, akakwazi ukubizwa ngokuba ngumfazi omubi. Oku kuboniswa ngu-Sophia Tolstoy. Wanikela ubomi bakhe bonke ekuzalweni nasekukhulisweni kwabantwana, ukuxazulula iingxaki zezoqoqosho kunye nezizwe, ukunyamekela ikhaya kunye nokulondolozwa ilifa lomyeni wakhe. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwafuneka akhohlwe ngobomi belizwe, kunye neengubo zokugqoka.

Ubuhlobo bukaTolstoy kunye nosapho lwaBers

U-Tolstoy ngaphambi kokudibana nomfazi sele sele ekwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wokufundisa kunye nomkhosi. Ukongeza, waba ngumlobi owaziwayo. UTolstoy wayesazi kakuhle intsapho yaseBersov nangaphambi kokuba akhonze eCaucasus aze ahambe eYurophu ngo-1850. USofya uyintombi yesibini kaAndrei Bers, ugqirha owayesebenza kwiofisi yaseburhulumenteni yaseMoscow, kunye noLyubov Bers, umfazi wakhe (igama leentombi nguIslavina). Kuphelele, intsapho yayineentombi ezintathu, kunye noonyana ababini. UBersy wayehlala eMoscow, kodwa wayedla ngokutyelela indawo yaseTula yase-Islavins, elalihlala kwidolophu yaseIvica, apho yayisondele kakhulu kuYasnaya Polyana. ULyubov Alexandrovna wayengumhlobo noMaria, udade kaLevi Nikolaevich. Kwaye uConstantine, umntakwabo, wayengumhlobo wokuzibala. UTolstoy wabona kuqala uSophia kunye noodadewabo njengabantwana. Bachitha ixesha ndawonye eMoscow, naseJasnaya Polyana, bahlabelela, badlala ipiyano, kwaye kwaze kwaba kanye benza i-opera ukusebenza.

Imfundo:

Umfazi wexesha elizayo likaTolstoy, uSophia Bers (Tolstaya), wafumana imfundo ekhayeni elihle kakhulu. Ukususela ebuntwaneni, unina uye wabangela ukuba abantwana bakhe banandipha uncwadi. Emva koko waphumelela eMyunivesithi yaseMoscow, ufumana i-diploma yootitshala ekhaya. Kuyaziwa ukuba uSophia Bears wabhala amabali amancinci. Wabhala ebusheni bakhe. Ukongezelela, uSophia wagcina idayari, eyayiqatshelwa kamva njengemizekelo emihle yeememo.

U-Sofya Andreevna wamnceda njani uTolstoy?

UTolstoy, obuyele eMoscow, wafumana intombazana enomtsalane kunomntwana omncinci, owakhumbula uSophia Burs. Iintsapho kwakhona zaba ngabahlobo kwaye zaqala ukuvakana. I-Berses yabona umdla ka-Lev Nikolaevich kwintombi yakhe, kodwa bakholelwa ukuba uTolstoy uza kutshatyalaliswa kumdala, uElizabeth. Kuyaziwa ukuba ngamanye amaxesha yena ngokwakhe wayengathandabuzeki, kodwa ngo-Agasti 1862, emva komnye umhla uLoan Tolstoy wayichitha kunye nosapho, wenza isigqibo sokugqibela. Intombazana yamphumelela ngokucacileyo kwaye kulula ukugweba, ukuziphatha kwayo. Bazahlula iintsuku ezimbalwa, kwaye ngoko ubale yena waya ku-Ivica. Apha iBerses yenza ibhola. U-Sophia wadansa kuyo ukuze uTolstoy akhuphe ukungathandabuzeki kokugqibela.

Ukufunda incwadi kaTolstoy

NgoSeptemba 16, uLobert Tolstoy wabuza izandla zikaSophia Burs, uthumele ileta kwintombazana kwangaphambili, ukuze aqiniseke imvume yakhe. UTolstoy, onqwenela ukunyaniseka nomfazi wakhe wesikhathi esizayo, wanika uSofya ukufunda idayari yakhe. Bers bafunda ngexesha elidlulileyo le-Leo Nikolayevich, malunga nokugembula, malunga nenani leenveli, kuquka udibaniso no-Aksinya, intombazana ekhuselekileyo eyayilinde inani lomntwana. Oku kwakumothusa umfazi weTolstoy, kodwa wafihla imvakalelo yakhe. Nangona kunjalo uSophia uya kuthwala ubomi bakhe bonke imemori yale mibulo.

Umtshato kunye neminyaka yokuqala yomtshato

Ngeveki emva kokubandakanyeka, umtshato wadlala. Inani lalifuna ukutshata nomtshakazi wakhe ngokukhawuleza. Njengoko kwakubonakala kuTolstoy, ekugqibeleni wamfumana lowo wayephuphayo ukususela ebuntwaneni. ULeo Nikolayevich, olahlekelwa ngumama wakhe ekuqaleni, wayevame ukuphulaphula amabali ngaye. Wayefuna ukuba umfazi ozayo abe ngumnye onothando, uthembekile, wabelane ngemibono yakhe njengomncedisi nonina, elula kwaye ngexesha elifanayo ukukwazi ukuqonda isipho somyeni wakhe kunye nobuhle beencwadi. Yiloo nto uSofia Bers, intombazana eneminyaka engama-18 ubudala, owenqaba iingubo ezimnandi, iintlangano zentlalo, ubomi bemizi ukuba ibe kufuphi nomyeni wakhe, ukuba ahlale kwilizwe lakhe, wabonakala kuye. Wayekhathalela ipulazi, ejwayele ukuya kwiphandle kwimizi yasemaphandleni.

Umhlaba weentsapho zeTolstoys

USofya Andreevna wadala ihlabathi leentsapho ezikhethekileyo. I-Tolstoys inezithethe zazo. Kwakuvakalelwa kakhulu kwieholide zentsapho, kwavakalelwa kwakhona kwiKrisimesi, iThathu Emithathu, iPasika. Zonke ezi holide zazithandwa eYasnaya Polyana. Baye balungiselela kwangaphambili kwaye bahlala bebhiyozelwa ngokugqibeleleyo. Intsapho iya kwiSonto laseSt. Nicholas malunga neeturgy. Wayekhilomitha ezimbini ezantsi kwelifa. Unyaka ngamnye kwiKrisimesi, yibeka umthi weKhisimusi, uyihlobise ngamantongomane adibeneyo, unqumle imifanekiso yezilwanyana kwikhadibhodi, njl. Ukongeza, uYasnaya Polyana wabamba i-masquerade. Kwakukhona uSofya Andreevna, u-Lev Nikolaevich, abantwana babo, kunye neendwendwe, abantwana abahluphekayo, ii-court. U-Ankovsky pie kunye no-turkey babehlala bekhonza ngokutya kwidlo.

I-recipe ye-pie yaziswe kwintsapho yakhe. Wanikelwa eBersam nguProfesa Anke, ugqirha kunye nomhlobo wentsapho. Ehlotyeni ubomi bukaTolstoy buvuselela. Bekuhlambela emlanjeni. Ukuxhaswa, ukudlala kwiidolophu kunye ne-tennis, ukuhamba ngama-mushroom, iipiknikki, ukuqhuba ekhaya, ukuhlwa komculo. Sasihlala sidla edileni, siphuza itiye kwi-veranda. Iindwendwe ezininzi zahlala zifika eTolstoy, kwaye bonke babe neendawo zokuchitha ubusuku. U-Sophia Andreevna unokunyusa wonke umntu aze amncede. Ngokutsho kwe-A. Fet, ubunzima budibanise iimpawu ezibini ezibalulekileyo - "imbongo yendalo" kunye "nesimo sokwemvelo."

Ngo-1887, intombi ka-Anna yazalwa kwintsapho kaLiya Lvovich, unyana kaSophia. Waba ngumzukulu wokuqala kaSofya Andreevna noLevi Nikolaevich. Ukususela ngelo xesha iintsapho ezinkulu zeTolstoy zanda ngonyaka. Abazukulu baba ziindwendwe ezilungileyo kakhulu eJasnaya Polyana.

Ukubonakaliswa kokuqala komlingiswa

Ngo-1863 uSophia Tolstaya wazala uSeryozha owokuqala. Emva koko uTolstoy waqala ukubhala incwadi yakhe enkulu ethi "Imfazwe noxolo." Umfazi wakhe, naphezu kokukhulelwa kanzima, akazange asebenze kuphela kwimisebenzi yasemakhaya, kodwa wafumanisa ixesha kunye namandla ukuze ancede umyeni wakhe asebenze-wabhala phantsi iirekthi ngohlobo lomtshini.

Emva kokuzalwa kukaSergei, uSofia Andreevna wabonakalisa okokuqala umlingiswa wakhe. Wayengenako ukunondla unyana wakhe, ngoko wacela unesi, nangona uTolstoy ekwahlukileyo. Wathi kulo mzekelo abantwana beli bhinqa baya kuhlala bengabikho ubisi. Kuzo zonke ezinye iinkalo, u-Sofya Tolstaya walandela imithetho ebekwe ngumyeni wakhe. Wazisombulula iingxaki zabahlali abahlala kwiidolophana ezikufutshane, baphatha. USophia Tolstaya wakhuphula bonke abantwana waza wafundisa ekhaya. Kweshumi elinesithathu ekuqaleni, abahlanu bafa, kwaye ukufa kwalowo nalowo kwashiya umkhondo emphefumlweni walo mfazi.

Izibhengezo ziqokelela

Phantse i-cloudless yadlula iminyaka yokuqala engama-20, kodwa amabango athe gqolo. UTolstoy ngo-1877 wagqiba "u-Anna Karenina." Waziva engeneliseko ngobomi. Oku kwamcaphukisa kakhulu kwaye yamcasula indoda yakhe. Emva koko, uSophia Andreevna Tolstaya wanikela kuye yonke into kuye wonke umntu, kwaye ngokubuyisana - ukunganeliseki ngobomi, awayemlungele ukuba akhuthele.

Utshintsho lwezengqondo uLobert Nikolayevich wenza imiyalelo, ngoko intsapho yakhe kufuneka iphile ngayo ngoku. Ukubongozwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ubukho nje, ukungavumi ukutshaya, utywala, inyama. Wayenxibe iimpahla ezidliwayo, wenza izicathulo nezambatho kubantwana, abafazi kunye naye. ULeo Nikolayevich wayefuna ukuyeka indawo yokuhlala kubantu abahlali. UZhenya wayenomsebenzi onzima ukumgxotha kulo msebenzi.

USofya Andreevna Tolstaya wayengenakuzivumelanisa nento yokuba uLevi Nikolaevich, evakalelwa kukuba unecala phambi kwabantu, akazange azive phambi kwakhe. Wayekulungele ukunika abalimi yonke into ababeyifumana iminyaka emininzi. Kwaye u-Count wayekulindelwe kumfazi wakhe ukuba uya kubelana ngokucacileyo ubomi kunye nezinto zokomoya, imibono yefilosofi kaLeo Nikolayevich. UTolstoy, okokuqala waxabana nomkakhe, washiya indlu. Emva kokubuya kwakhe, akazange amethembe uSophia Andreyevna kunye nemibhalo yakhe yesandla. Umsebenzi wokuphinda ubhale kwakhona uhla lwawa phezu kweentombi, kunye nomfazi kaLeon Tolstoy, uTolstaya Sofya Andreevna, waba nomona kakhulu kubo.

Ibali kunye no-Alexander Taneyev

Ukufa kukaVanya, umntwana wokugqibela owazalwa ngo-1888, wambetha umfazi womlobi omkhulu. Le nkwenkwe ayizange iphile iminyaka engama-7. Ekuqaleni, intlungu efana nayo yazisa loo mbini, kodwa kungekhona ixesha elide. Ukuhlukana kwabo, ukungaqondi, ukuhlambalaza kwenzelwa uSofya Andreyevna ukufumana induduzo kwicala. I-Fat ithathwe ngumculo. Wayehlala eMoscow, apho wafunda khona u-Alexander Taneyev. Akukho uTolstoy, okanye uTaneyev ngokwakhe eyimfihlelo yothando lukaSophia lwaloo mva, kodwa ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo bebuhlobo. Nangona kunjalo, uLev Nikolaevich, onomsindo nomona, wayengenakuxolela umfazi wakhe "okutshintshana."

Ukuxabana okubulalayo

Izikhalazo kunye kunye nokusola kwiminyaka yamuva zikhulile zibe yinto engumntu. U-Tolstaya waqala ukufunda kwakhona idayari yomyeni wakhe, ezama ukufumana kubo into embi ngaye. ULeo Nikolayevich wamgxeka ukuba wayexolisa. Ingxabano ebulalayo yenzeke phakathi kwabafazi ngobusuku buka-Oktobha 27 ukuya ku-Oktobha 28, ngo-1910. U-Count wabutha izinto zakhe waza washiya, wayishiya incwadi eya kuSofya Andreyevna. Wachaza ukuba uyamthanda, kodwa akakwazi ukwenza okunye. Emva kokufunda le ncwadana, njengesiqhelo, uSofya Andreevna wagijimela ukuze azame. U-Tolstoy wakhutshwa ngokumangalisayo ekhunjini.

Isifo nokufa kukaTolstoy

Emva kwexesha, kwafunyanwa ngolwazi ukuba uLevi Lekolaevich, ebanjwe ebandayo, wayefa kwisikhululo se-Astapovo sisifo se-pneumonia. Abantwana bakhe noSophia Nikolaevna, abazange bafune ukuyibona nangona kunjalo, beza kuye kwindlu yesigqeba. Ngaphambi kokufa komlobi, intlanganiso yokugqibela yale mbhangqwana yenzeke. ULeo Nikolayevich wafa ngoNovemba 7, 1910.

Ubomi bukaSophia Andreyevna emva kokufa komyeni wakhe

USophia Tolstaya, umfazi kaLeon Tolstoy, wasinda indoda yakhe iminyaka elithoba. Wapapasha iidayari zakhe. Ukushiya kukaTolstoy nokufa kwakhe kunomphumo onzima kuye. Akakwazanga ukulibala ukuba akazange abone umyeni wakhe engqondweni ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, u-Sofya Andreevna wayehlala eJasnaya Polyana, aphinde ahlaziye umyeni wakhe. I-Tolstaya kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe ichazwe iincwadi kunye nezinto kwiibhodi kunye namagumbi. Kwindlu yokulala yomyeni wakhe kunye neofisi yakhe uSofo Andreevna washiya umoya ophelileyo kwimihla yokugqibela yobomi bakhe, waqhuba ukuhamba okokuqala ngamagumbi.

Wafa ngoNovemba 4, 1919 ukusuka kwiphunga le-pneumonia, ehlala iminyaka engama-75. Akukude nelifa, kumangcwaba eKokokovskoe, wangcwatyelwa uSophia Tolstaya. Ifoto yamangcwaba alo mfazi kunye noTatyana Andreevna Kuzminskaya, udadewabo, ukhankanywe ngasentla.