Ukuqala kokushicilela eYurophu

Ukuqala kokushicilela eYurophu ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuveliswa kwiphepha eChina. Ngexesha lokushicilelwa kwencwadi, ubuncinane ubuncinci beyesithathu kwimibhalo yesandla edalwe kwimiqulu eyahlukeneyo esemgangathweni.

Ulwazi oluqala kakhulu malunga neenkcukacha zobugcisa bokushicilela incwadi emva kwexesha lesi-2 leminyaka. BC. E. Ziqulethwe ekusungulweni kwezinto zakudala zaseGrisi (kwisiqithi saseKrethe) iFestistkogo disk. Yenziwe ngodongwe. Kwabekwe iileta ezifakwe kwiitampu okanye ezifakiwe. Indlela yokumisa izithuthi yayiqhelekileyo kwiMpuma.

Izindlela zokushicilela zazikho ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kwiingxelo zeTshayina, unokufumana ulwazi malunga nomkhandi, ogama linguPi Shen. Uphakathi kwe-1041 no-1048 eyenziwe ngamagama obumba. Ngokwaloo mlando, umkhandi wasungula irejista yemali apho ezo zigcinwe khona. Nangona kunjalo, ii-editions azifinyelelanga zethu iintsuku.

Ngokusekelwe kubungqina bobugcisa kunye neyamyuziyamu, iimbali-mlando zibonisa ukuba ukuqala kokushicilela eYurophu kungafakwa eGibithe naseByzantium. Ubunzima kuphela ekuqinisekiseni imbono, kuba akukho zincwadi ezipapashwe ngelo xesha.

Ukuqala kokushicilela eYurophu kuhambelana namagama amaninzi. Ngokomzekelo, kwimbali kukho ulwazi malunga neProkop Walfogel ethile. Wayephethe iileta ezingama-48 kunye nezinye izixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, iincwadi azipapashiweyo azigcinanga.

Phakathi kwabanye abantu kwimbali kukho noJean Brito, kunye nogqirha uPamfilio Castadi. Ngomshicileli wenkundla kaKumkani waseFransi uNicola Jansone, owanyathelisa iincwadi eVenice naseParis, imithombo emininzi ithi.

Isiqalo sokushicilela eYurophu sisondelelene nenkonzo yecawa evela eNetherlands. Igama lakhe nguLaurence Jansson Bonfire. Kucingelwa ukuba wathatha imfihlelo yokushicilela kwimpunzi yaseArmenia. Ngokusondele kwiminyaka yobudala, uBoofire wenza iifowuni zeefowuni kubazukulwana bakhe waza waphicilela ezininzi iimpapasho. Ezi ncwadi ziye zasinda, kodwa abukho ubungqina bokuba benziwe yiBoofire.

Kwiidolophu ezininzi zaseYurophu zikhona izikhumbuzo kubantu abakhulu okanye abangaphantsi kokuxhomekeka. Nangona kunjalo, i-priority yabo ekuvelweni kwithekhnoloji yokushicilela ayibonakaliswa yimbali. Ingcamango yokupapashwa ibhalwe ngokucacileyo phakathi kwekhulu le-15 leminyaka.

Ngokwabaphengululi abaninzi, ukubaluleka kokupapashwa kweencwadi kunikwe ngokufanelekileyo iG Gutenberg. Kulo negama ukuba ukuqala kokushicilelwa kwencwadi eYurophu kudibene. Umhla apho uvavanyo lwakhe lokuqala lokunyathelisa olumalunga nalo lunyaka-1440. Ngeli xesha eStrasbourg, wayenomdla wokupapasha ulwimi lolimi lwesiLatini uDonat, ikhalenda yeenkwenkwezi, ukuthunyiswa kwamapapa. Emva kwexesha elithile, ebuyela emzini wakubo wase-Mainz, iGuenberg waqalisa ukusebenza kwipapasho yeBhayibhile epheleleyo.

IBhayibhile yesi-42 eLatini yapapashwa ngo-1453-1454. Amaphepha encwadi (ubuninzi be-1282) equle imizila engama-42, ehleliwe kwiikholam ezimbini. Iimpawu zemihlobiso yomshicilelo zenziwa ngesandla.

Emva kokufa kweGuenberg ngo-1468, ishishini lokushicilela laqhutyelwa ngabafundi bakhe. Basasaza iindaba ze-teknoloji ezifunyenwe kwi-Jamani, kwaye iYurophu. UGuittenberg ayidala kuphela okokushicilela kokuqala, kodwa kwavela kunye nendlela yokwenza ifom kunye nefombose ifomu. Ukongezelela, unengcamango yokudala isakhiwo esikhethekileyo sealloy for casting letters.

Imbali yokuprinta eRussia yaqala phakathi kwekhulu le-16. Umsunguli we shishini lokushicilela kwimeko yaseMoscow nguIvan Fedorov. Incwadi yokuqala (idethi) - "Umpostile" -yapapashwa ngo-1564 yiYard Printing Yard. Ekudalweni kwayo basebenze uFedorov kunye noncedisi wakhe uPeter Mstislavets. Ngekhulu le-17, kwakunezindlu ezininzi zokushicilela zaseRashiya. Nangona kunjalo, de kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, izixhobo zokushicilela azizange zenze utshintsho olukhulu. UPetros 1 watshintsha kuphela umgca - wazisa umntu ngaphandle kweleta yakudala yaseSlavonic.