Imbali yeLviv. Lviv: imbali yendalo kunye negama le sixeko

Enye yezona zintle kunye nezityebi kwizikhumbuzo zakhiwo ze-Ukraine yiLviv. Imbali yeso sixeko ukususela ekubonakala kwayo ukuya kwiintsuku ezikhoyo izalisekile inyaniso eninzi. Siya kuzama ukugqamisa okubalulekileyo kubo. Imbali yeLviv kuyo yonke ubukhulu bayo iya kuvela phambi kwethu.

Ngaphambili

Iindawo zokuhlala zaseSlavic zasemaphandleni kwimizi yanamhlanje zivela kwikhulu le-5 AD. Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuba kuvela kule mzuzu ukuba imbali yeLviv iqala. Sekuqaleni kwekhulu le-7, isithili seengcweti sisebenze ngokusisigxina ekuhlaleni, okwamnika ilungelo lokubizwa ngokuba ngumzi. Kodwa yintoni ebizwa ngokuba yiloo ndlela yokuhlala, ihlala iyimfihlakalo yabalwazi-mbali. Ukuhlaliswa kwahlala kuloo mihla ngeentlanga zamaCroats ezimhlophe.

Ngo-981, indawo ejikeleze ikamva yeLviv, ebudeni bokulwa nombuso wasePoland osemtsha, yaxhaswa nguPrince Vladimir eKyrus Rus. Ukususela kule mzuzu, le ntsimi yayibandakanyiweyo kubomi boqoqosho kunye nezobupolitika baseburhulumenteni baseRashiya.

Emva kokuqhekeka kwe-feudal yelizwe elidala laseRussia laqala, amazwe apho uLviv ngoku ahlala khona afakwe kuqala kwi-headquarters yaseGalician, kwaye ukususela ngo-1199 - kwi-Galic-Volyn eyinhloko yaseMonomakhovich. Umseli weli lizwe nguMroma Mstislavovich, uyise wengomso weLviv, uDaniil Romanovich Galitsky.

Umhla wobuqili baseGalicia

Ngethuba lolawulo lukaDaniyeli ukuba uphuhliso lwezopolitiko kunye noqoqosho oluseburhulumenteni baseGalician luyiyo. Kwaye nangona kukho konke ebomini bakhe kwakufuneka aqhube ekulweni neenkwenkwezi zendawo kunye nabamanye amazwe - iPoland neHungary.

Kodwa umonakalo omkhulu kwilizwe laseNtshona-Rashiya libangelwa yiMongol-Tatar. Ngeli xesha, ezininzi izixeko zaseGalicia zatshatyalaliswa. Ngokungafani nezinye iinkosana, uDaniyeli kwada kwimihla yokugqibela yobomi bakhe ayizange yamkele ijoka langaphandle. Wayesoloko efuna iindlela zokumelana nabahlaseli, ezama ukudala ubudlelwane ngokumelene namaMongol, aquka abalawuli bamazwe aseNtshona. Ngenxa yale nto wayelungele ukwenza intsebenziswano neCawa yamaKatolika, nangona ekusebenzeni kwakhe akazange atshintshe i-Orthodoxy. Ngokuqaphela iinkonzo zakhe ekukholweni kumzabalazo wamaMongol uDaniel Galitsky, uPapa waseRome wanikwa isihloko soKumkani waseRashiya.

Imisebenzi enjalo yesikhulu, ngokuqinisekileyo, ayithandi i-Horde Khans, owathumela omnye umkhosi emva kokunye ukumnyanzela ukunyaniseka. Ngenxa yezi ngxwaba, izixeko ezininzi kunye neendawo zokuhlala zatshatyalaliswa eGalicia.

Isiseko seLviv

Ukuhlaselwa kweTatar kwakusinye sezizathu zokusungula kwesi sixeko ngegama elihle likaLviv. Imbali yendalo yayo iqala ngo-1256. Kwakuloo nto leyo eyinkunzi yeGalicia-Volyn eyintloko, Hill, ihlupheke kakhulu emlilweni. Ngokumalunga nale nto, uNkosana uDaniel wanquma ukwakha isixeko esikhulu esitsha kwindawo enzima ukufikelela kwiidlwengulo zaseTatar.

Ngelo xesha, abanye aba-mbali-mlando babhekisela umhla wesiseko seLviv ukuya kwangaphambili-1247 okanye 1240. Ngoko ke, kule ngcamango, esi siganeko siphelelwe ixesha lomtshato kaNaniyeli unyana kaDaniyeli kunye nokuthunjwa kweKiev ngamaMongol.

Igama lesiXeko

Cishe bonke aba-mbali-mbali babenombono ofanayo, kutheni umzi wanikezwa igama elithi Lviv. Imbali yegama iphakanyiselwa unyana kunye nendlalifa kaDaniel Halytsky - Lev Danilovich. Kwakukuhlonipha ukuba ubaba omkhulu wabiza isixeko, esasikelwe ukuba sibe yinkunzi yeyona nqununu. Ngokomnye uguqulelo, igama linikwe ngosuku lomtshato kaLeon kunye nentombi kaKumkani waseHungary.

Indlunkulu yobukhosi baseRussia

Imbali kaLviv yathatha ithuba elitsha ukususela ngo-1269, xa uLevi waba yinkosana yaseGalicia-Volynsky kunye neRashiya. Nguye owashukumisela inkunzi kulo mzi ukususela ekubhujisweni okukhulu kweGalich kunye nokutshiswa kweNtaba. Ukususela kulo mzuzwana, uLviv waba yinto engundoqo nje kwisixeko saseGalicia-Volyn, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo siyinkohlakalo yobukumkani baseRussia.

Ngokuhambelana nomgangatho omtsha, ukwakha ubuninzi kwaqala kwisixeko. Ngomnyaka we-1270, okubizwa ngokuba yi-High Castle - idolophu yaseLviv yakhiwe. Nangona inkosana ngokwakhe yayihlala eNqabeni yasezantsi. Ubomi bentlalo yonxibelelwano yeso sixeko beqhutyelwa kwiimarike, yayiyintliziyo yakhe. Abemi abaninzi abahlala kwiindawo zokuhlala ezikude kunye neendawo ezikude bafikelele kwiinkunzi. Ngoko iingonyama zakhula. Imbali yeso sixeko yaba yinxalenye engenakulinganiswa yexesha lexesha lehlabathi.

Emva kokufa kukaLeo I, indawo yokuhlala ayizange ilahlekelwe yimali yayo. Wahlala esixekweni esona sikhulu seburhulumenteni kunye neenkosana ezilandelayo, ezathi zifake isihloko sookumkani baseRashiya. Oku kwaqhubeka de, ngowama-1340, ngokufa kuka-Yuri II Boleslaw, indlu yolawulo ayizange iphele.

Lviv kwi-Commonwealth

Emva kobukhosi besigqeba seGalicia, amalungelo abo kwi-nqununu, kwaye ngokukhethekileyo kuLviv, yavakaliswa nguKumkani wasePoland uCasimir III. Ngowe-1340 umkhosi wakhe wawuthabatha isixeko waza wamisa khona igunya lobukhosi apho. Enyanisweni, ukumkani wanikezela umthetho wesixeko kunye no- Magdeburg, kodwa ngelo xesha, uLviv waqalisa ukukhawuleza. Kungekudala abantu abaninzi beedolophu babengamaPolisi. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yabemi yayingamaYuda. Imbali yeLviv ukususela ngelo xesha kude kube ngo-1939 idibene nePoland.

Ngo-1412 iSebe le-Archbishopu lihanjiswe eLviv esuka eGalich.

Ngowe-1569, iPoland neLithuania zakha urhulumente womanyano-uRzeczpospolita. Njengengxenye yakhe yeLviv kwaze kwaba ngowe-1772, xa, ngenxa yesahlulo sokuqala sesizwe sasePolish-Lithuania, yena, njengabanye baseGalicia, wayefakwe kwiBukhosi baseAustria baseHabsburgs.

Ubukumkani baseGalicia naseLodomeria

Njengengxenye yobukumkani baseHabsburg, uLviv yaba yinkunzi yephondo, ebizwa ngokuba yiBukumkani baseGalicia naseLodomeria. Nangona ukuba isixeko sasiyingxenye yombuso kwaye igosareli yamiselwa eVienna, abahloniphekileyo basePoland baqhubeka bedlala indima ehamba phambili kulo mmandla.

Ngexesha elifanayo, eli xesha lingabizwa ngokuba yivuselelo lenkcubeko yeLviv. Iyunivesiti yabuyiselwa, i-theatre yavulwa, amandla omkhosi axhaswa nomzabalazo wokulwa necawa i-obscurantism. Ngelo xesha, iindawo zenkcubeko zaseRutheni zaqala ukuvuselela, njengoko abakwaHabsburg bazama ukufumana kubo inkxaso ekujonganeni nabantu basePoland.

Umzamo wokubuyisela i-statehood yase-Ukraine

Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kolawulo lwase-Austro-Hungarian ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala ngowe-1918, i-Lviv yase-Ukraine i-intelligentsia yazama ukubuyisela i-statehood yayo. Yayibonakaliswa ekumenyezweni kwesiBhengezo soBukhosi boMmandla weNtshona Koloni (i-ZUNR) ngo-Oktobha 19, 1918.

Kodwa ingxaki kukuba ininzi yabantu baseLviv ngelo xesha kwakuyiPoles, eyayizibona nje njengengxenye yelizwe elitsha lasePoland. Ngoko ke, isithuba se-ZUNR sasiqulunqwe kwangaphambili. NgoNovemba, imikhosi yasePolandki inkokeli yasePolsudski yayisele ilawulwa ngokupheleleyo yiLviv, kwaye kungekudala umkhosi we-ZUNR wada wahlulwa.

Ngaphantsi kolawulo lwePoland

Ngaloo ndlela, imbali kaLviv de 1939 yayidibene nelizwe lasePoland. Amalungelo ase-Ukrainiya ngeli xesha laphulwa ngokupheleleyo. Ngaloo ndlela yaqala enye yamaphepha amaninzi kunomlando wendawo. Kwakulo xesha le mfazamo wegazi phakathi kwamazwe aseUkraine kunye namagunya asePoland aqhubeka, eli lixhoba lalo lililo liqela elinokuthula phakathi kwabameli bezinye iintlanga.

Ngowe-1939, iPoland yahlukana ngokwenene phakathi kweJamani kunye neSoviet Union. I-Lviv kwaye phantse yonke i-Galicia yayifakwe kwi-USSR.

Lviv e-USSR

Andizange ndichithe ixesha elininzi kunye neLviv. Imbali yamnika uluhlu lweziganeko ezimbi. Imfazwe Enkulu yePatriotic yaqala. Amajoni aseJamani ayengummandla ohlala kuloo mzi ngoJuni 29, 1941. Ixesha lomsebenzi we-fascist laphawulwa ngenye yezona zinto zaziqheliswa ngamaYuda. Amasosha aseSoviet akwazi ukukhulula umzi kuphela ngo-1944.

Emva koko, ukubuyiswa ngokukhawuleza kokuhlaliswa kwaqala. Njengengxenye ye-Ukrainian SSR Lviv yaba yinkampani enkulu yoshishino kunye nenkcubeko yommandla. Ngeli xesha, ngokungafani namaxesha adlulileyo, uninzi lwabantu basezidolophini lwaqala ukuveliswa ngabantu base-Ukraine.

Lviv emva kokumenyezelwa kobukhosi base-Ukraine

Iingonyama azizange zilahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwazo emva kokumemezela kokuzimela kwe-Ukraine ngo-Agasti 24, 1991. Enyanisweni, ukususela ngoko iimeko zoshishino zedolophu ziye zahla kakhulu, kodwa, kodwa kunjalo, yayihlala kwindawo yezoqoqosho kulo mmandla. Kunzima ukugqithisa ukubaluleka kwenkcubeko yeLviv yanamhlanje kwilizwe. Abaninzi bacinga ukuba yintliziyo ye-Ukraine.

Isiphelo

Njengoko sibona, ezininzi izinto ezibuhlungu kwaye, ngokucacileyo, iphepha elinomdla lalinomlando weLviv. Ukutshatshaza ngokufutshane zonke iziphumo zayo aziyi kusebenza. Ukufunda umbandela woqoqosho nophuhliso lwezopolitiko, kuyafuneka ukuba uchithe iinyanga, kunye neminyaka. Ewe, ukuze uqonde indlela yokomoya yeLviv, kufuneka uhanjelwe ngabanye.