Umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya we-Ivan osikrakra

Umgaqo wangaphandle kunye wangaphakathi we-Ivan we-Terrible ubonakaliswa njengeyona nkqubela phambili. Njengoko kwaziwa, ngelo xesha i-Russia yayimimiselo yeemfazwe eziqhubekayo kunye neLithuania nePoland. Ukongezelela, ngaphakathi kweli lizwe, ngezikhathi ezithile, kwakukho ukungqubuzana nokuvusa. Urhulumente wawufuna umkhosi onamandla. Ngomnyaka we-1550 umkhosi waseStanletky wakhiwa . Kwakungamandla amakhulu axhasa amandla karhulumente. ISitatimende sokuQala iMkhosi sakhishwa ngo-1556. Ngenxa yokuguqulwa komkhosi, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 lempi yaseRussia yabalwa amasosha angama-100 000. Ukuguqulwa kwe-Ivan the Terrible kwomeleza kakhulu impi yombuso.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle we-Ivan the Terrible wenziwa ngeendlela ezintathu. Okokuqala, u-tsar walwela indlela eya eLwandle lwaseBaltic entshonalanga. EMpuma kwakukho umzabalazo kunye ne- khansa yeAstrakhan neKazan. Ezantsi, u-Ivan the Terrible wavikela imida kwaye wavikela indawo yaseRussia ukusuka ekuhlaselweni kwamaTatars aseCrimea.

I-Tsar ngo-1552 ithathwe nguKazan. Lo mcimbi ubaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yombuso. Ukususela ngelo xesha amaKazan Khans ayeka ukuhlasela umhlaba waseRussia. Amawaka aseRussia akhululiwe ekuthinjweni. Ngo-1556, iAstrakhan Khanate yathathwa. Ngenxa yezi zinto kunye nokutshatyalaliswa okulandelayo, u-Ivan the Terrible wakwazi ukudibanisa ngokuqinile kwingingqi yeVolga, ukukhula okusebenzayo kweSiberia kwaqala.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukumkani akazange asombulule umsebenzi oyintloko kwicala lasentshonalanga. Emva kokubandakanya kwiMpi yaseLibonian ende, u-Ivan the Terrible akazange akwazi ukuvula indlela yaseRashiya eya eLwandle lwaseBaltic.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya we-Ivan u-Terrible wawujoliswe ngokugqithiseleyo ekugqiliseni abahlali, ukuqinisa izixhobo zamandla. Ukucima ukuxhatshazwa kweenkwenkwezi, ukuphazamisa iziseko zezoqoqosho zeli propati, inkqubo yenkqubo yaqhutywa. Umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya we-Ivan u-Terrible uthetha ukwahlukana kobuso kwi-zemstvo, ekhokelwa yi- Boyar Duma, kunye ne-oprichnina, elawulwa nguTsar ngokwakhe. Olu hlobo lokugqibela lubuthathaka kakhulu indima yeenkwenkwezi, ukuphelisa abantu abasindayo. Ngokubanzi, i-oprichnina inexabiso elihle. Nangona kunjalo, iindlela ezisetyenziswe ngumbutho we-oprichnin zanikele ekutshatyalalisweni koqoqosho lwentlalo, njengoko behamba kunye nokuchithwa kunye neentlondi. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokukhula kwamaxabiso, ukuveliswa kweempahla kunye nemveliso kuyehla, kunye nekhulu le-16 (kwisiqingatha sesibini), iRashiya yabona ukuhla koqoqosho.

I-Rada ekhethiweyo - urhulumente omtsha wasungulwa. Emva koko, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba, umgaqo wonke wangaphakathi we-Ivan we-Terrible uya kwenziwa.

I-tsar yazisa utshintsho kwizitho eziphambili zesevisi zombuso. Amanqaku adalwe - amatsha karhulumente. Ngaloo Myalelo weNkundla wawunezo zodwa, ekulawulweni kwawo kwakukho inkundla, ukuqokelela irhafu, ukuthotyelwa komthetho kunye neminye imisebenzi.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya we-Ivan we-Terrible wawujoliswe ekuguquleni inkundla. Ngoko, ngo-1550 i-Code Code entsha yomthetho yapapashwa. Yayilungiselela uxanduva lokutshutshisa, ukutshintshwa kweenguqu kwiinkqubo zerhafu.

Ulawulo lwasekhaya lwasekhaya ludinga ukulungiswa. Ngo-1556, i-tsar yabhuqa inkqubo yokutya. Ngokubanzi, utshintsho kwi-self-government locally lunegalelo ekungeneni kwemali eyongezelelweyo kwingxowa-mali yelizwe. Ngethuba elifanayo, isikhundla sodumo saqiniswa.

Ngexesha lokulawula kukaYohane 4 Vasilievich, ibandla laguqulwa. Njengomphumo wokuguqulwa, iidonki kunye nemikhosi yonqulo zahlanganiswa. Ngelo xesha, ubunikazi bomhlaba obunxwemeni babuye buncitshiswa.

Ngenxa yesiguqulelo esenziwa ngexesha lolawulo luka-Ivan loyikrakra, ulawulo lwaba lukhulu ngakumbi kwilizwe, urhulumente wengingqi kunye nolawulo oluphakathi lube lusebenza ngakumbi. Ukongezelela, amandla omkhosi waseRashiya enyukile. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nalokhu, abantu abahlali baba ngabakhoboka.