Ukudakumba okukhulu kwii-1930 zakuqala e-USA

Namhlanje iUnited States yaseMelika yiyona nto iphakamileyo kweli hlabathi, elingenayo kuphela inkqubo enesiseko kwezoqoqosho, kodwa, ngokwenene, ibeka isicwangciso ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko noluntu. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kube njalo, kwaye indlela eya kwamandla ezoqoqosho kweli lizwe yayinzima.

Enye yeemvakalelo ezinzima kakhulu kwimbali ye-United States yinto ebizwa ngokuba yiNtlupheko Enkulu, eyabangelwa ngongoma obuthakathaka kwezoqoqosho kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso emandla ngo-1929, xa amawaka amabhizinisi amakhulu ayeka ukusebenza ngemini enye, kwaye iibhanki eziliqela eziliqela zatshintshwa ngokukhawuleza zibe yi-bankrupts. Yisiphi isizathu solu hlobo lwengxangxasi, kuba abaninzi banamhlanje bayimfihlakalo, kuba, nangona uphando lwezoqoqosho ezikhokelayo kwihlabathi, ininzi isacatshulwa ngokucacileyo.

Ngaloo ndlela, kwi-20 yekhulu lokugqibela inkqubo yezoqoqosho yaseMerika yaphuhliswa kakhulu, eyabangelwa yintshintsho yesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe ezenzeka ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Isantya sokukhula sasinamandla kakhulu kangangokuba safikelela kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu ekuphuhliseni kwayo. Oku kwaququzelelwa yimiba ebalulekileyo, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kukuphuhliswa kweshishini, ukuveliswa kwamandla kwelizwe, ukwakhiwa, nokwandiswa kweefama ezizimeleyo. Isangqa njengoko kubonakala ngathi, ngexesha leminyaka yokuqala yeMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala, uqoqosho lwase-United States lwomelezwa kakuhle, njengoko ukuthengiswa okukhulu kwezixhobo, amayeza kunye neempahla ezahlukahlukeneyo zasekhaya eYurophu zanikezela ekucebiseni amandla aseTranslan.

Nangona kunjalo, nangona kwakubonakala ngathi yimpumelelo, ukuxhatshazwa ngaphakathi kwelizwe kwandiswe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ukuCaluleka okukhulu kwabonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba yonke into yayilungileyo njengoko yayibonakala ekuqaleni. Inyaniso kukuba ininzi yemali-mali yayigxininiswe ezandleni zezityikitya ezinkulu, ezifana noRockefeller, uMorgan, Hill, uCarnegie nabanye. Ngenxa yoko, kwaba nzima kakhulu kumashishini amancinci naphakathi kwamashishini ukukhuphisana neenkokeli ezihamba phambili zezoshishino, ezathi zanda ngakumbi kwaye zinamandla. Ngesi sizathu, ukwanda kwenkampani enkulu yabonisa ukukhula okukhulu kwezoqoqosho, okwakungekho ncinane kwintlalo-ntle yeentsapho zaseMerika. Ngokomyinge, ingeniso ayizange idlule ubuncinane benkxaso. Yingakho ngo-Oktobha 24, 1929, kwakukho ukuwa okuphawulekayo kwixabiso lezabelo, okwabangelwa ukuwa kwezomnotho waseMerika. Urhulumente kaMongameli uHoover akakwazanga ukwenza nantoni na, ngoko ke ukhetho lwongameli olulandelayo ngo-1932, uFranklin Roosevelt ukhethwe ngumongameli.

Ukudandatheka okukhulu eMelika kwakunciphise kakhulu udumo lwamandla oqoqosho wase-US, ngoko utyalo-mali kwezoqoqosho lwawo lwaba lukhulu. Amakhulu amawaka abantu babesitratweni, njengoko ama-enterprises avaliwe, kwaye izinga lokungabikho kwemisebenzi lakhula ngokukhawuleza. Le meko yayinzima kakhulu, kwaye kwimeko enzima ukuba umongameli omtsha kunye neqela lakhe bakhethe indlela efanelekileyo, bememezela oko kuthiwa "ikhosi entsha", eyona nje iminyaka emininzi ivelise uqoqosho lweengxaki zabo, kodwa yanikezela ngamandla okuphuhliswa koqoqosho lwazo zonke Lumente. Ndiyabulela kule nto, ukuCalulelwa OkuKhulu kuphelile, kwaye akuzange kubuyele. Ingundoqo ye "khosi entsha" kwakufuneka kuthathe amanyathelo angqongqo ekuthintela ukuwa kwemali kazwelonke kunye nenkxaso yezoshishino zelizwe eziphambili. Umthetho omtsha udluliselwe ekunikezisweni kwemali mboleko kaRhulumente, okwenzela uncedo oluncedo ekubuyiseleni ubuqoqosho belizwe. Isigaba esilandelayo, ngenxa yokuba iSigxina esikhulu sokuxinwa, sasixhaswa yimanyano yabasebenzi kunye nokunikezelwa kwamandla abo angaqhelekanga. Ngombulelo, abemi baseUnited States baziva bekhuselekile ngakumbi, kwaye ilizwe liqalise ukuphuma ngokufanelekileyo kwintlekele.

Ukuqulunqwa kweengxaki zembali, kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba, nangona zonke iinkalo ezimbi, oku bekuyi-intuthuko yokuphuhliswa koqoqosho olutsha, kuba "ukuzula" okunjalo kubonakalisa ukuqala kwexesha elitsha lokuchuma kwezoqoqosho eMelika. Ngenxa yoko, ukuCalupha okukhulu kowe-1929 kwaphumelela ngempumelelo.