Mehmed II: i-biography ye-Ottoman Sultan

Ngomhla ka-Meyi 1453, kumanxweme aseBosphorus, kwenzeka isiganeko esashiye umshicilelo kwixesha lonke lembali lehlabathi. Ayikwazi ukumelana nokutshabalalisa kwamaqela aseTurkey, uConstantinople wawa, kangangeminyaka emininzi yayiyinqaba yaseOthodoki kwaye yabizwa ngokuba yiRoma yesiBili. Ekhokelwa yimikhosi yoBukumkani base - Ottoman kusekho umfana osemncinane uMehmed II, owakhe udidi lwezobunjwa lwakhiwa isiseko sale nqaku.

Indlalifa e troneni

Ngomhla wama-30 kuMatshi ngo-1432 umfazi wesigqirha waseGrike wazala uSolomon uMbuso wase-Ottoman uMurad II, unyana wesine, owaba yindlalifa yakhe waza wangena kwimbali yehlabathi njengoMehmed II Fatih (uMnqoli). Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ekuqaleni uyise akazange amlungiselele isikhundla esinjalo, ekubeni ukuzalwa kwakhe kwikhoboka kwakucatshangelwa ukuba kungaphantsi kwabazalwana abadala, oomama babo babehloniphekileyo abafazi baseTurkey. Nangona kunjalo, bonke bafa kwiminyaka yokuqala, bekhulula unyana wekhoboka kumendo ophezulu.

Ngexesha lobomi babantakwabo uMehmed II, abazali bakhe (ingakumbi uyise) abazange bambone njengomlawuli wexesha elizayo, wakhula njengabo bonke abantwana kwiintsapho ezicebileyo, oko kukuthi, ukuzonwabisa kwimidlalo kunye nemihlali. Kodwa emva kokufa koonyana bakhe abadala, uMradrad II waphoqeleka ukuba atshintshe isimo sakhe sengqondo kumntwana, othe wachaphazela ukuba abe yindlalifa etroneni, kwaye enze konke okusemandleni ukulungiselela ukuzaliseka komsebenzi ophezulu kwixesha elizayo.

Amava okuqala karhulumente

Yonke inkathalo yokukhuliswa kunye nemfundo yendlalifa yakhe, i-sultan yabeka kwi-khalim ephezulu. Ngaphantsi kwakhe, uMehmed ufumane ixesha elincinci ulwazi olusisiseko olufunekayo, kamva wamvumela ukuba aphucule kokubili kwisayensi yempi nakwizakhono zokudibanisa.

Ubomi be-Ottoman obunqobileyo obusindayo bubungqina bokuba okokuqala ngqa uMehmed II waqalisa imisebenzi yokuphatha eneminyaka emithandathu, waba nguGavana wephondo laseManisa. Enyanisweni, kukho ngokukhawuleza ukugcinwa kokuncedwa kulo ngutitshala kunye nomcebisi omnye, u-Khalil ophakamileyo. Akunakwenzeka oku oku kumangaliswayo. Ngokusobala, kwakukho amandla okwenene, kwaye unyana omncinci uMradrad II wamisela kuphela umbusi otyunjwayo, ngoko ke wamnika ithuba ukusuka kwiminyaka yokuqala ukuba ajoyine ubugcisa bukaRhulumente.

Kuyaziwa ukuba, ekubeni ngumlawuli ophumelelayo kunye ne-diplomate enobuchule, uMradrad II, kodwa wayexinzelelwe ngamandla kwaye wabonisa umnqweno wokukhawuleza ukubusa ubukumkani kwindlalifa yakhe, ufune ukungabi nantoni kunye nokunandipha kwindlu yakhe enhle eMagnesia. Eli phupha, waqaphela ngo-1444, wenza unyana wakhe abe ngumfundisi, kodwa wamshiya phantsi kwe-tutelage ye-vizier efanayo. Oku kuqondakalayo, kuba uMehmed wayeneminyaka engama-12 ubudala ngelo xesha.

Ukungaphumeleli ngokubi

Nangona kunjalo, i-pancake yokuqala kumlawuli omncinane yayicacile. Inyaniso kukuba, nangomnqweno wakhe oqhelekileyo wokuzama into engenakwenzeka, loo mfana wenza ubuqhagamshelwano ngasese kunye namalungu enkolo yonqulo uSufi evinjelwe ebukumkanini. Ukufunda ngale nto, umfundisi wayala ukubulawa komshumayeli wabo-owayengumlindi, owayenqwenela ukumbona umlawuli omncinci onyanisekileyo ngaphandle kwendlela.

Ukubulawa kwenzeke kwaye kwaba nemiphumo engalindelekanga. Ecaphukiswe ngumnikelo, abazalwana baseJanny bavuka beba novelwano ngale ntshukumo. Emva koko, basebenzisa ithuba, abemi baseAnatolia baphuma ngokuthobela, kwaye emva kwabo abangamaKristu abemi baseVarna. Ngaloo ndlela, igazi le-vagabond umshumayeli wabangela ukungabikho okukhulu.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, isilumko esilumkile-wayefuna, ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa yavela ... UMurad II kwafuneka amshiye ikhefu lakhe ixesha elithile, aze aqalekise u-Khalil ongekhohlisayo, aphinde aqale imisebenzi ye-sultan. Emva kokuba u-fiasco onjalo, uMehmed II, owayesuswe emandleni, wachitha iminyaka emibini ebhotwe, engabonakali nantoni na ezama ukungaziboneli ngamehlo kayise.

Imisebenzi Yomtshato

Kodwa, ngokweengcali ze-biographer, ukususela ngo-1148 indlalifa eye sele ifikelele kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo iyakhupha ukuba ithathe inxaxheba kuyo yonke imibandela yombuso. Yaye ke ukuba kungenjalo nayiphi na indawo ayengayi kungena entloko yakhe, wagqiba ekubeni asebenzise indlela endala kunye nengqiqo-ukutshata nomfana. Uya kufumana intsapho - ahlale phantsi.

Kodwa nangona unyana ongenamdla wakwazi ukucaphukisa uyise - wathandana ngaphandle kokukhumbula umKristu othunjiweyo, awayekubona kwelinye leemakethe zekhoboka. Akazange ambethele iimbotyi, kodwa, ngokukhawuleza nje, ukuhlawula, njengoko kwakufunekayo, wabuzisa umfazi omhle kwibhotwe waza wamtshata (wayesengumntu ohloniphekileyo). Wazala unyana wakhe, owathola igama lamaSilamsi likaBayazid, kwaye emva kweminyaka emininzi wadlala indima ebuthathaka kubomi bukayise.

Ekuqaleni, izahlubuki zeSufi, ngoku - umfazi ongumKristu, cha, kwakuninzi. Ukulawula ubukumkani obuninzi kunye nakuzo zonke iintlanganiso zokuthobela, uMrarad II wayengenakukwazi ukujamelana nendodana yakhe. Ubaba okhunileyo wamkhethela umfazi ofanelekileyo kwintsapho ehloniphekileyo yaseTurkish. Kwafuneka ndi ngenise. Ngokwesiko, wabona ubuso bomfazi wakhe emva komtshato. Ngokubhekiselele kwinto ebonakala ngombono wakhe, umntu unokuqiqa nje, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba lesi "sipho" sineentloni zokungena nakwiindawo.

Inkosi yombuso

NgoFebruwari 1451, isiganeko esibalulekileyo senzeke ebomini boBukhosi base-Ottoman: umlawuli wayo uSultan Murad II, uyise kaMehmed, wafa ngokungalindelekanga. Ukususela ngeli xesha ixesha elipheleleyo igunya liye ladlulela kuye, kwaye, ngokuthatha imisebenzi yakhe, waqala ukulahla umxhasi kunye nomnqweno wamandla-unyana omncinci kayise, oko kukuthi, umntakwabo.

UMehmed II wamyala ukuba abulawe, kwaye oku akuzange kubangele nantoni na. Umkhwa wokuphelisa ababenzi-nxalenye begazi kwiitrone sele zenzeke phambi kwenkundla, kodwa ngoku sele kusemthethweni. Ekhutshiwe ngumntakwabo, umfana osemncinci wathuma kwi-block kwaye wacaphukisa kakhulu umcebisi wakhe - uVier Khalil.

Ngokweememori zabantu bexesha, i-Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II yayingumntu onobuqili kwaye unamandla, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo liyimfihlelo, lingenakulinganiswa kwaye likwazi ukukhokela umgaqo ophikisanayo. Kwibonakala kwayo yangaphandle, sinokugweba ngokugcwele kwisiseko seempawu zobomi ezenziwe ngabaphathi be-brashi baseYurophu, edume kakhulu kwi-Gentile Bellini. Kwimizobo yakhe, umculi wathinjwa le nto ephantsi, kodwa epheleleyo yomntu, impumlo ephothiweyo ephihliweyo eyamnika umntu ibonakaliso elibi.

Ukuphindaphinda kunye nokugqiba

Ezalisekile ukunyaniseka kwempuma, umqhubi wexesha elizayo waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe ngokuzama ukudala umfanekiso wohlobo loxolo. Ngaloo nto, akazange ayeke ukuqinisekisa amadiplomethi aseNtshona asekunqwenela ukubeka uxolo nokuzinza kuloo mmandla, kwaye ngaphambi kokuba ummeli we-Byzantine umbusi uConstantine IX aphinde afunge kwiKoran ukuba akaze angene kwizinto zakhe. Isifungo sasiyiminyaka emibili ngaphambi komhla apho waphonsa onke amandla omkhosi wakhe ezindongeni zaseKonstantinople, ngokuyinqaba le nqaba yobuKristu ngonaphakade.

Nangona kunjalo, ngokukhawuleza wabonakalisa intsingiselo yinyaniso yemigaqo yakhe. Ngethuba lonke le-1452 uSultan Mehmed II, ngokuchasene neziqinisekiso zakhe, wayekulungele ukuthatha inkunzi yaseByzantine. Kufuphi neConstantinople, bakha iinqaba zasemkhosini, kunye nommandla wonxweme, apho iinqwelo zabahwebi baseVeneen bevela kwiLwandle oluMnyama ukuya eMeditera, kwafakwa izibhamu. Ngaphantsi kwesongelo lokubulawa ngokukhawuleza kubo bonke abahamba ngamagosa akhe, irhafu ityala, leyo nto leyo, eyona nto, iyona nto iphangileyo.

Ukuwa kweByzantium

Ngo-Ephreli 1453, u-Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, owayeneminyaka engamashumi amabini ananye kuphela ngaloo xesha, waya kwiindonga zeRoma lesiBili kunye nomkhosi onamandla angama-100,000, okwesibini kuwo yayinemirhumo ye-elite. Ukuchasana nokukhusela umkhosi onjalo umkhosi ukwazi ukuveza amawaka asixhenxe amajoni. Imikhosi yayingalingani, kwaye ngoMeyi 29, uConstantinople wathatyathwa. Emva kokuwa koBukumkani boBukumkani bamaRoma, kwakuyinto yesibini enkulu enkulu kwimbali yehlabathi lamaKristu, eyaba yimbangela yokuba ukususela ngoko i-Orthodoxy yehlabathi ibuyele eMoscow, eyafumana isikhundla seRoma yesithathu.

Emva kokubanjwa kwesi sixeko, amaTurkey abulala abaninzi abemi balo, kwaye abo babenokuthengiswa ebukhosini bathunyelwa kwiimakethe zekhoboka. Wafa ngaloo mini kunye nomlawuli ngokwakhe-kungekudala ngaphambi kokuba enyukele esihlalweni sikaConstantine XI. Inkathazo eyingozi kodwa eyona nto ifundisayo yafikela umlawuli wezempi waseByzantium uLuka Notar.

Ukubala kwi-magnanimity intshaba, wayengumxhasi wokuzinikela ngokuzithandela kwesi sixeko, apho ahlawulwe ngokukhawuleza. Xa inkunzi yayisandleni seTurks, uMehmed II ngokwakhe wayemnakekele unyana wakhe omncinci omhle kakhulu. Indlala yabafana yayinobuthathaka, kwaye i-sultan yanquma ukuzalisa. Emva kokufumana ukugatywa okufanayo kwesoyihlo ecaphukile, akazange aphikisana, kodwa wayala yonke intsapho ukuba iphunyezwe ngokukhawuleza.

Kwinqununu entsha yombuso

Ngokukhawuleza emva kokubanjelwa kweConstantinople, uMehmed II wathunyelwa kuye evela e-Adrianople inkulu yombuso wayo, obangele waba nefuthe elininzi labantu baseTurkey. I-suburb yedolophu-i-Galata, okwakusoloko yayiyi-coloni yaseGenesis, - yaba phantsi kolawulo lweSultan kwaye yaza kulungiswa yiTurks. Ukongezelela, uMehmed II, abafazi bakhe kunye namashweshwe ayekade ehlala kwinqanaba elingaphambili, wathuthela eConstantinople nakwiindawo zakhe ezininzi.

Ukususela kwiintsuku zokuqala kolawulo lwama-Ottoman, indawo ephakamileyo yamaKristu yeso sixeko-itempile likaHagia Sophia - iguqulelwe ibe yi-mosque. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba kwakukho inani elithile labemi baseKrisi abahlala kwimihlaba ehlala kuyo, ingxaki enkulu yayikuhlawulela ubomi babo benkolo.

Isimo sengqondo seSultan kwiintlanga

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uMehmed II kwimigaqo yakhe yasekhaya wayekhokelwa yimigaqo yokunyamezela ngokwenkolo, kwaye phantsi kolawulo lwakhe, ngezinye iintlanga zaziva zikhulu ngakumbi kunamazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, apho ngelo xesha kwakukho intshutshiso yokwenzelwa inkolo. Oku kwakunzima kumaYuda - ababaleki abavela kumazwe aseNtshona Yurophu, ababalekela kwi-Inquisition kunye nabaninzi abafika kwiBukhosi base-Ottoman.

Ukulawula iindawo ezininzi zobuKristu bobukhosi, iSultan egunyazisiweyo igunya lakhe inkokheli eyayiwela kwimbali njengo-patriarch Gennady II Sholarii. Umntu obalaseleyo wenkolo ngexesha lakhe, waba ngumlobi wenani elikhulu lemisebenzi yezobuqu kunye nefilosofi, kwaye isivumelwano esifikelele ekuhlaleni ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagunya aseMuslim kunye noluntu lwamaOthodox lwahlala lusebenza ukususela ngowe-1923. Ngaloo ndlela, u-patriarch uGennady Scholari noMehmed II bakwazi ukukhusela ukuchithwa kwegazi kwiimeko zonqulo ezingenakukhutshwa kwiimeko ezinjalo.

Uhambo olutsha

Emva kokuba imicimbi yangaphakathi ihleli, uMehmed II uMnqobi waqhubeka nomgaqo wakhe wokukhohlisa. Kule minyaka elishumi ezayo iTransond Empire, eyayisakuba yi-Byzantine colony, iSerbia, iBosnia, iDuyy yaseAthene, ubukhulu beMarei kunye nezinye iindawo ezizimeleyo ngaphambili zawela ezinyaweni.

Ngo-1475, phantsi kolawulo loMbuso wase-Ottoman, iCrimean Khanate iwa kunye nenkunzi yayo, isixeko saseKafa, u- Feodosiya. Kwakudala ukudala umonakalo omkhulu kumazwe aseMpuma Yurophu ngokuxhatshazwa kwawo, kwaye waba yinxalenye yolawulo lwama-Ottoman kwaye womeleza kakhulu amandla akhe omkhosi, wadala imfuneko yokufumana iiprojekthi ezinobugwenxa nguMehmed II.

Ukufa, kungenakongezwa ubuqaqawuli

Omnye wamazwe ambalwa awakwazi ukumelana neSultan yiRiphabliki yaseVenice. Ukuhluleka ukuwunqoba impi, u-Mehmed waphetha ngo-1479 isivumelwano malunga neentente zafumana ii-intanethi ilungelo lokuthengisana kwamahhala ngaphakathi kolawulo lwama-Ottoman. Oku kukhululeka kakhulu izandla zakhe ukuqhubeka, kwaye ngo-1480 amabutho akhe athabathela ekuthinjweni kwe-Italiya yase-Italy. Kodwa isifiso sasifisa ukuba eli phulo liza kuba ngowokugqibela ebomini lomnqobi. Phakathi kweemfazwe, wafa ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kungekhona kwimfazwe, kodwa ententeni yakhe.

Kukho uluvo lokuba uMehmed II, onyana wakhe owayengowendlalifa esemthethweni kumfazi wakhe ongumKristu, wayeyilwaphulo loqhinga. Kukholelwa ukuba i-Bayazid, ekhokelwa yinkonzo yamandla (esele ekhankanywe kwinqaku), wakwazi ukufumana ugqirha kayise ukuba amnike umthamo obulalayo we-opium, ngenxa yokufa kwakhe. Ngaphambi kokungcwaba kukaMehmed II, unyana wakhe wathatha indawo yakhe etroneni njengomlawuli olandelayo wolawulo lwase-Ottoman, uSultan Bayazid II.

Ukuququzelela ukubusa kukaMehmet II, izazi-mlando zivuma ukuba ngeendlela ezininzi wakwazi ukutshintsha isimo sengqondo seentloko zaseYurophu esichazela ubukumkani bakhe, okwenza ukuba aqonde ukuba lilinganayo phakathi kwamagunya alawulayo elo xesha. Yena ngokwakhe wathatha indawo kwimbali yehlabathi kunye nabalawuli abaziintloko kunye nabasemagunyeni.

Ngaphezulu kweenkulungwane ezizayo abalawuli belizwe abadalwa nguye batshintshile, kodwa imigaqo ebekwe ngumfundisi waseMehmed II yayisisiseko somgaqo-nkqubo wabo wangaphandle kunye nekhaya. Okuphambili phakathi kwabo kwandiswa, kudibaniswa nokunyamezelana kwenkolo ngokuphathelele iintlanga ezithinteleyo.