I-Erythrocyte: isakhiwo, ifom kunye nomsebenzi. Ulwakhiwo lwe-erythrocyte yabantu

I-erythrocyte yinto yegazi ekwazi ukuthutha i-oksijeni kwiimfucu ngenxa ye-hemoglobin, kunye ne-carbon dioxide emiphakeni. Le iseli elula kunye nesakhiwo esibaluleke kakhulu ebomini bezilwanyana ezincelisayo kunye nezinye izilwanyana. U-Erythrocyte luhlobo oluthile lwamaninzi omzimba : malunga nekota nganye yeseli emzimbeni ngamaseli obomvu.

Iipateni jikelele ze-erythrocyte

I-Erythrocyte - iseli evela kwintsholongwane ebomvu ye-hematopoiesis. Ngosuku lwaloo maseli, malunga nezigidi ezi-2.4 ziveliswa, zingena kwigazi kwaye ziqale ukwenza imisebenzi yazo. Ngethuba lokuvavanywa kwacaciswa ukuba kwi-erythrocytes yabantu abadala, abakhe isakhiwo esilula kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa namanye amaseli omzimba, siphila iintsuku eziyi-100-120.

Kuzo zonke iintsholongwane (kunye neentlobo ezingavumelekanga) ukusuka kwiimpawu zokuphefumula ukuya kwiifom, i-oksijini idluliselwa nge-hemoglobin ye-erythrocyte. Kukho okungafaniyo: bonke abameli beentsapho "zeprotheyini" zintlanzi zikhona ngaphandle kwe-hemoglobin, nangona ziyakwazi ukuzinzisa. Ukususela ekushiseni kwabo, i-oksijini iyaxhamla kakuhle emanzini kunye ne-plasma yegazi, izithuthi zayo ezinkulu, ezenziwe ngamaseli ebomvu, azifunwa kule ntlanzi.

I-Erythrocytes yeengxaki

Kwiseli efana ne-erythrocyte, isakhiwo sahluke ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba leengxaki. Ngokomzekelo, kwiintlanzi, iintaka kunye nama-amphibians, i-morphology yale seli ifana. Bahluke kuphela kubukhulu. Ifom ye-erythrocyte, umthamo, ubungakanani kunye nokungabikho kwamalungu athile ahlukanisa iiseli zamammalian ezivela kwabanye, ezifumaneka kwezinye iimbambano. Kukho rhoqo: i-erythrocyte yezilwanyana azixube i-organelles ezingenanto kunye ne- cell nucleus. Zincinci kakhulu, nangona zinendawo enkulu yokuqhagamshelana.

Ukuqwalasela isakhiwo se-erythrocyte yesigane kunye nomntu, iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zichongwa ngokukhawuleza. Zomibini iiseli ziqukethe i-hemoglobin kwaye zibandakanya ukuthuthwa kwe-oksijini. Kodwa iiseli zomntu zincinci, zinyene kwaye zineendawo ezimbini zokuqhafaza. I-Erythrocyte yamaxoxo (kunye neentaka, iintlanzi kunye nama-amphibians, ngaphandle kwe-salamander) ziyi-spherical, zine-nucleus kunye nama-cellular organels angasebenza xa kudingekile.

Kwi-erythrocytes yabantu, kunye neeseli ezibomvu zezilwanyana eziphezulu, akukho nuclei kunye ne-organelles. Ubungakanani be-erythrocyte yebhokhwe ngu-3-4 microns, abantu 6.2-8.2 microns. Kwi-amphium (i-caudate amphibian), ubukhulu beeselingi ngu-70 μm. Kucacile, ubukhulu apha buyinto ebalulekileyo. I-erythrocyte yomntu, nangona iyingcinci, inomhlaba omkhulu ngenxa yemigangatho emibini.

Ubuncinane beeseli kunye nenani labo elikhulu livumelekile ukuba liphindise amandla okwegazi ukubopha i-oxygen, ngoku ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiimeko zangaphandle. Kwaye izinto ezinjalo zesakhiwo se-erythrocytes zabantu zibaluleke kakhulu, kuba zikwazi ukuziva zikhululekile kwindawo ethile. Lo ngumlinganiselo wokulungelelaniswa ebomini kumhlaba, owaqala ukuphuhlisa nakwiimphibians kunye nentlanzi (ngelanga, akuyiyo yonke intlanzi kwinkqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yayikwazi ukulungelelanisa umhlaba), kwaye yafikelela kwinqanaba lokuphuhlisa izilwanyana eziphezulu.

Ulwakhiwo lwe-erythrocyte yabantu

Isakhiwo seeseli zegazi lixhomekeke kwimisebenzi enikwe yona. Ichazwe kwiinkalo ezintathu:

1. Izixhobo zesakhiwo sangaphandle.
2. Ukwakhiwa kohlobo lwe-erythrocyte.
3. I-morphology yangaphakathi.

Ngaphandle, kwiprofayili, i-erythrocyte ibonakala njenge-disk biconcave, kwaye ngobuso obupheleleyo-njengengqayi ejikelezayo. Ubuninzi ngokuqhelekileyo 6.2 ukuya kwi-8.2 microns.

Ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-serum yegazi kukho iiseli ezinobungakanani obuncinane ngobukhulu. Ngenxa yokungabikho kwintsimbi, ukuqhuma kwe-run-up kuyancipha, kwaye i-anisocytosis iyabonwa kwi-smear yegazi (ezininzi iiseli ezinobungakanani obuhlukeneyo kunye neeramitha). Ngenxa yokusilela kwe-aclic acid okanye i-vitamin B _{12, i-} erythrocyte iyakhula kwi-megaloblast. Ubukhulu bayo bu malunga ne-10-12 microns. Umthamo weselulune evamile (normocyte) ngu-76-110 ikhuni. M.

Isakhiwo se-erythrocytes egazini akuyona into kuphela yale seli. Okubaluleke ngakumbi kunani labo. Ubukhulu obukhulu bavunyelwe ukwandisa inani labo, ngoko ke, indawo yoqhagamshelwano. I-oksijeni ibanjwe ngokunyanzeliswa ngabantu abasebenzisa i-erythrocyte, kunokuba amaxoxo. Kwaye kulula kakhulu kwiiscuphe ezivela kwi-erythrocyte yabantu.

Imali ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, umntu omdala kwi-cubic millimeter uqulethe izigidi eziyi-4.5-5.5. Iibhokhwe inezigidi ezi-13 ze-erthrocyte kwi-milliliter, ngelixa izilwanyana ezinobuthi zinezigidi ezi-0.5-1.6 kuphela, iintlanzi zinama-0.09-0.13 yezigidi kwi-milliliter. Ngomntwana osandul 'ukuzalwa, inani leeseli ezibomvu zegazi li malunga nezigidi ezi-6 kwi-milliliter, kunye nakwabadala, ngaphantsi kwezigidi ezi-4 nge-milliliter.

Imisebenzi yamaseli obomvu

Iiseli zegazi ezibomvu - iiseli zegazi ezibomvu, inani, isakhiwo, imisebenzi kunye nophuhliso lwezinto ezichazwe kule ncwadi, zibaluleke kakhulu kubantu. Benza imisebenzi ethile ebalulekileyo:

• I-oxygen yezothutho kwiifom;
• Yithwala i-carbon dioxide kwiimfucu ukuya kumaphaphu;
• Ukubopha izinto ezinobuthi (i-hemoglobin glycated);
• Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiimpendulo zokuzivikela (ukukhusela kwi-virus kunye neentsholongwane ezisebenzayo zomoya-mpilo ziyakwazi ukulimaza iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo kwigazi);
• Unako ukunyamezela ezinye izinto zonyango;
• Ukuthatha inxaxheba ekuphunyezweni kwe-hemostasis.

Siqhubeka siqwalasela iseli efana ne-erythrocyte, isakhiwo salo siphumelele ngokubanzi ekuphunyezweni kwemisebenzi engentla. Kufana nokukhanya kunye nokuhamba ngokusemandleni, kunomsebenzi omkhulu wokudibanisa i-gas kunye ne-chemical reaction with hemoglobin, kwaye iphinda ihlukane ngokukhawuleza ize izalise ilahleko kwigazi le-peripheral. Le yunithi ekhethekileyo kakhulu, imisebenzi yayo ayikwazi ukutshintshwa.

I membrane ye-Erythrocyte

Kwiseli efana ne-erythrocyte, isakhiwo silula, esingafaki kwi-membrane yayo. I-3-ply. Iqhezu lesininzi le membrane li-10% yeselfelesi yeseli. Iqulethe i-90% yeeprotheni kunye ne-10% kuphela yeepids. Oku kwenza i-erythrocyte iiseli ezikhethekileyo zomzimba, kuba phantse zonke ezinye iimbumba, i-lipids ihamba ngaphezu kweeprotheni.

Ifom ye-erythrocyte yevolumu ngenxa yobungakanani beembumba ze-cytoplasmic iyahluka. Ngaphandle kwimbumba ngokwawo yindawo ephakamileyo yeeprotheni ezinobuninzi bee-carbohydrates residues. Ezi zi-glycopeptides, phantsi kwayo ikhona i-boreyer ye lipids, ejongene neempompo ze-hydrophobic ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwe-erythrocyte. Ngaphantsi kwekhredithi, kumgangatho wangaphakathi kwakhona uphezulu lweeprotheni ezingenayo i-residues ye-carbohydrate.

I-Receior complexes ye-erythrocyte

Umsebenzi we-membrane kukuqinisekisa ukuba i-erythrocyte iguqulwa, nto leyo eyimfuneko yokudluliselwa kwe-capillary. Kule meko, isakhiwo se-erythrocyte yabantu sinikeza amathuba angakumbi-ukusebenzisana kwamaselula kunye ne-electrolyte yangoku. Iiprotheni ezinemiqolo ye-carbohydrate ziyi-molecule ze-receptors, ngenxa yokuba i-erythrocyte "ayiyikuzingela" i-CD8-leukocytes kunye ne-macrophages kwindlela yokuzivikela.

I-Erythrocytes ikhona ngenxa yee-receptors kwaye ingatshatyalaliswa ngumzimba wayo. Kwaye xa, ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuqhutyelwa ngama-capillaries okanye ngenxa yokulimala kombane, amangqamuzana egazi abomvu alahlekelwa ezinye i-receptors, i-macrophage yeceni "iyayikhupha" esuka kumlambo wegazi kwaye ibatshabalalise.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi se-erythrocyte

Iyintoni iseli elibomvu legazi? Isakhiwo saso asinomdla ongaphantsi kwemisebenzi. Le seli lifana nekhwama ene-hemoglobin ephethwe yimbumba apho i-receptors ibonakaliswa: amaqoqo ehlukeneyo kunye namaqela ahlukeneyo egazi (ngokwe-Landsteiner, Rhesus, Daffy nabanye). Kodwa ngaphakathi kweseli ikhethekileyo kwaye ihluke kakhulu kwezinye iiseli zomzimba.

Ukwahlukahlukana ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: iiseli zegazi ezibomvu kumabhinqa namadoda aziqukethe i-nucleus, abanalo i-ribosomes kunye ne-endoplasmic reticulum. Zonke ezi zidibeneyo zazisuswa emva kokuba iseli izaliswe nge-hemoglobin. Emva koko ii-organelles zazingadingekile, kuba ukuqhutyelwa kwinqwelo ye-capillaries kwakudinga igumbi elincinane. Ngenxa yoko, ngaphakathi ngaphakathi iqukethe i-hemoglobin kunye nezinye iiprotheni ezincedisayo. Indima yabo ayilucacile. Kodwa ngenxa yokungabikho kwe-endoplasmic reticulum, i-ribosomes kunye ne-nucleus, sele ilula kwaye idibeneyo, kwaye eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, iyakwazi ukubola ngokulula kunye ne-membrane yamanzi. Yaye le yimiba ebaluleke kakhulu kwisakhiwo seeseli ezibomvu zegazi.

Umjikelezo wobomi be-Erythrocyte

Impawu eziphambili zeeseli ezibomvu zegazi ziyimpilo yabo emfutshane. Abakwazi ukwahlula nokuvelisa iprotheni ngenxa ye-nucleus esuswe kwiseli, kwaye ngoko umonakalo owenziwe kumaseli abo uqokelela. Ngenxa yoko, i-erythrocyte ibonakala ngokuguga. Nangona kunjalo, i-hemoglobin, ebanjwe yi-spleen macrophages ngexesha lokufa kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi, ziya kuthunyelwa rhoqo ekubunjweni kwezinto zomoya.

Umjikelezo wobomi we-erythrocyte uqala emnzini wethambo. Eli qumrhu likhoyo kwimiba ye-lamellar: kwi-sternum, kwiphiko lamathambo angama-al, emathanjeni esiseko sekhayi, nakwindawo yomfazi. Apha, umphambili we-myelopoiesis kunye nekhowudi (i-CFU-GEMM) ivela kwi-cell stem yegazi phantsi kwezenzo ze-cytokines. Emva kokuhlukana, kuya kunika ukhokho we-hemopoiesis, echazwe yikhowudi (BOE-E). Yenza umlandeleli we-erythropoiesis, eboniswa yikhowudi (CFU-E).

Leli foni libizwa ngokuba yi-colony-forming cell of the red sprout. Iyanqwenela u-erythropoietin-into eyenziwa yi-hormonal efihliwe yizintso. Ukwandisa inani le-erythropoietin (ngomgaqo wesigqibo esihle kwiinkqubo zokusebenza) likhawuleza iinkqubo zokwahlula nokuveliswa kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi.

Ukwakheka kwe-Erythrocyte

Ukulandelelana kwethambo lomongo-guqulwa kwe-CFU-E lulandelayo: i-erythroblast ibunjwe kuyo, kwaye kuyo i-pro-monocyte eyenza i-normoblast ye-basophilic. Njengoko iprotheni iqokelela, iba yi-polychromatophilic normoblast, kwaye i-normoblast ye-oxyphilic. Emva kokususa i-nucleus, kuba yinto yokuxubusha. Oku kungena kwigazi kunye nokwahlula (ukuvuthwa) kwiseli ebomvu yegazi.

Ukutshabalalisa i-erythrocytes

Kwiintsuku eziyi-100-125 iseli ijikeleza egazini, ihlala idlulisela i-oksijini kwaye isuse iimveliso zetekisi ezivela kwiifom. Ihambisa i-carbon dioxide ehambelana ne-hemoglobin iphinde ibuyiselwe emaphapheni, ngokukhawuleza izalise iamoleksi zayo zomoya nge-oxygen. Kwaye njengoko umonakalo ufunyenwe, ulahlekelwa iimolekyuli ze-phosphatidylserine kunye nama-molecule e-receptor. Ngenxa yoko, i-erythrocyte iwa phantsi kwe "umbono" we-macrophage kwaye ibhujiswa yiyo. Yaye i-heme, etholakala kuyo yonke i-hemoglobin egulisiweyo, iphinda ithunyelwe ngokusungulwa kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi.