Yintoni na ke kukho icytoplasm yeseli. Iimpawu ze isakhiwo kukho icytoplasm

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba uninzi izinto eziphilileyo iqanjwa zamanzi asimahla okanye ifomu lonyanzeliso 70 ekhulwini okanye ngaphezulu. kuthatha kangaka apho yenzelwe phi? It Ijika, iseli nganye isakhiwo kwalo amanzi ukuya kwi-80%, kwaye kuphela intsalela ukuba lo mba owomileyo.

Ke omkhulu othi "amanzi" isakhiwo nje kukho icytoplasm yeseli. Oku imbaxa, owahlukeneyo, indawo yangaphakathi eliguqukayo, kunye iimpawu lwesakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi eyenziwa apho sadibana kuyo.

protoplast

Eli gama ukubonisa zonke imixholo ngaphakathi kwaso nasiphi na isakhiwo ngomzuzu eukaryotic, ezahlulwe ukusuka plasma inwebu ezinye "oogxa" yayo. Oko kukuthi, apha ungena kukho icytoplasm - indawo ngaphakathi esiseleni, organelles, ukuba ikhona, ingxenye kunye nucleoli, and genetic material.

Ziziphi organelles ukuba ibekwe ngaphakathi kukho icytoplasm? Zezi:

• ribosomes;
• mitochondria;
• EPS;
• izixhobo Golgi;
• lysosomes;
• cell ziguquka ;
• vacuoles (izityalo kunye nomngundo);
• iziko iseli;
• plastids (kwizityalo);
• isiliya ne misila;
• microfilaments;
• microtubules.

Kernel bahlukana karyotheca, kunye nucleoli kunye iimolekyuli DNA nayo iqulethe iiseli kukho icytoplasm. Xa iziko ngayo izilwanyana, ekuyeni eludongeni - kwizityalo.

Ngenxa yoko, iimpawu kukho icytoplasm ngesakhiwo liya kuxhomekeka kakhulu kuhlobo iseli ukusuka ephilayo ngokwayo, kokwabo kummandla eziphilileyo. Ngokwesiqhelo, kuthatha yonke indawo ekhoyo ngaphakathi kunye nenani imisebenzi ebalulekileyo.

Matrix okanye hyaloplasm

Ubume yeseli kukho icytoplasm ubunjwe kakhulu eqeleni yayo ibe ngamaqela amabini:

• hyaloplasm - inxalenye rhoqo wamanzi;
• organelles;
• Ukufakwa - isakhiwo bume.

Matrix okanye hyaloplasm - amaqela ephambili ngaphakathi, apho kuba uthi ezimbini - ash kunye gel.

Cytosol - kukho icytoplasm olunjalo iseli ukuba unalo umlinganiswa ulwelo lamntu. Tsitogel - kwa into enye, kodwa imeko ngakumbi kwintsunguzi, ninendyebo iimolekyuli ezinkulu kwezinto eziphilayo,. Le khemikhali Ukwakhiwa lulonke kunye neempawu zomzimba hyaloplasm ichazwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• , Izinto viscous ezingenambala colloidal, ngokwaneleyo, ubukhulu kunye Singabhalwa kwixesha;
• ke uba umahluko ocacileyo mbutho kwesakhiwo,, ngenxa ukuhamba lula ungayitshintsha;
• cytoskeleton ngaphakathi microtrabecular zimelwe okanye nothango oluthi luqokelelane ngenxa zixhobo protein (microfilaments kunye microtubules);
• kwi kwezahlulo emkhusaneni kwaye ibekwe zonke iindawo noshowo esiseleni xa bebonke, yaye ngenxa izixhobo microtubule Golgi kunye XPS therebetween kuya kwenzeka umyalezo hyaloplasm.

Ngenxa yoko, hyaloplasm - kubalulekile, nto leyo inikezela imisebenzi emininzi esiseleni kukho icytoplasm.

Ukubunjwa kukho icytoplasm

Xa sincokola ngayo ukwakheka kwemichiza, umyinge wamanzi kule kukho icytoplasm oluhlasela i-70%. Eli xabiso avareji, kuba ezinye izityalo iiseli apho ukuya ku 90-95% yamanzi. Le into owomileyo ngu:

• protein;
• carbohydrate;
• phospholipids;
• cholesterol kunye nezinye khompawundi organic initrogen aqulethe;
• electrolytes (minerals);
• inclusions ngohlobo zamathontsana of glycogen (kwizilwanyana iiseli) kunye nezinye izinto.

Imeko imichiza reaction jikelele - obrak okanye okwanamhlanje obrak. Ukuba sicinga njengoko kukho icytoplasm yeseli, kufanele kuphawulwe le phawu. Icandelo Abizelwa ngasemdeni, kummandla plasma inwebu, ebizwa ectoplasm. Enye ingxenye lujolise kufutshane karyotheca, ibizwa ngegama endoplasmic.

Ubume yeseli kukho icytoplasm ixhomekeke izakhiwo ezizodwa - microtubules kunye microfilaments, ngoko sihlolisise.

microtubules

amasuntswana Ulenze amancinci side of ukuya micrometers eziliqela. Ubukhulu - ukususela nge-6 ukuya kwi-25 NM. Ngenxa yokusebenza omncinane kakhulu epheleleyo kunye eshwankathelwe ukufunda kwezi ziseko eziseza akunakwenzeka, ke, lubonisa ukuba iindonga zabo iqanjwa-arhente protein tubulin. Le umchiza has zinemoletyhule ethungelanayo helically ejijekileyo.

Eminye imisebenzi kwiseli kukho icytoplasm yenziwa Bulelani ubukho microtubules. Umzekelo, ukuba nenxaxheba ekwenzeni iindonga iseli ye nomngundo kunye nezityalo, ezinye iintsholongwane. Eziseleni zezilwanyana, ukuba incinane kakhulu. Kwakhona, ezi zakhiwo ikhutshwa phandle ukuhamba organelles kwi icytoplasm.

Ngokwazo, ezi microtubules zibe ezingazinzanga, unako iba ngokukhawuleza kwaye kwakhona form-, ehlaziyiweyo ukususela amaxesha ngamaxesha.

microfilaments

izinto ezaneleyo ebalulekileyo kukho icytoplasm. Ingaba zixhobo elide actin (protein globular), leyo uyahambelana-nye, ibe uthungelwano eqhelekileyo - cytoskeleton. Elinye igama - grille microtrabecular. Olu hlobo lwesakhiwo features of the kukho icytoplasm. Eneneni, ngenxa cytoskeleton linaso ndawonye onke organelles, ukuba lula ukunxibelelana omnye komnye, ukuba acande mba kunye iimolekyuli yenziwa ukutya.

Nakuba kunjalo kwakusazeka ukuba kukho icytoplasm - bume iseli lwangaphakathi, nto leyo uyakwazi ukutshintsha idatha yabo badla ube lulwelo okanye viscous, utshintsho structure (utshintsho ukusuka Sol ukuba gel and vice versa). Kule microfilaments uqhagamshelo - onamandla, moiety labile ekwaziyo ngokukhawuleza yakhiwa, iguqulwe, iba ngokutsha fomu.

ingaphandle plasma

Kubalulekile ukuba iiseli kukuthi phambi kakuhle kwezoqoqosho kunye nentlalo-yokusebenza ezininzi ndizayo izakhiwo, nto leyo naye uhlobo isakhiwo neempawu the kukho icytoplasm. It ndinobo plasma inwebu iimolekyuli zothutho isithintelo kwenzeka, izondlo kunye neemveliso ukutya, iigesi zeenkqubo nokuphefumla njalo njalo. Yiyo loo nto abaninzi aba organelles na isakhiwo.

Bona, efana kwinethiwekhi, ibekwe ukuba kukho icytoplasm kwaye delimit imixholo engaphakathi abanini nganye enye, ukusuka kokusingqongileyo. Ukunqanda ezikhusela kwezinto ezingafunekiyo kunye neentsholongwane ukuba sibe yingxaki.

Ubume be-abaninzi kubo efanayo - umfuziselo lulwelo-kaMoses, cinga nganye plasmalemma njenge lipids biosloy eligcwele iimolekyuli protein ezahlukeneyo.

Ekubeni umsebenzi kukho icytoplasm yeseli - wokuqala kuyo yonke amakhonkco zothutho phakathi zonke iinxalenye zayo, ubukho inwebu ye organelles asisininzi yenye noshowo amalungu hyaloplasm. Complex, yonke kunye, ukuba enze imisebenzi ngokubanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba iseli nempumelelo.

ribosomes

Small (ukuya kwi-20 NM) simile ezibandakanya iziqingatha ezibini - subunits. Ezi iihafu lunokubakho kunye okanye kobonelelo ngalo naliphi na ixesha. Base ukubunjwa: rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) kunye neeproteni. Main ribosome kwasendaweni kwiseli:

• nucleus kunye nucleolus, apho subunits ngokwabo akhiwa kwi molecule ye DNA;
• kukho icytoplasm - i ribosomes ekugqibeleni benziwa libe phantsi kophahla olunye ekuhlanganiseni iihafu;
• inwebu nucleus kunye reticulum endoplasmic - ke protein ribosomal kuhlanganiswa thumela ngqo ngaphakathi organelles;
• mitochondria kunye chloroplasts leeseli zezityalo ngokwabo nokulungelelanisa ribosome ngokwayo ngaphakathi emzimbeni kwaye ziveliswa iiprothini, oko kukuthi, kule nkalo ikhona ngokuzimeleyo.

Imisebenzi zezi Izakhiwo kwi kuyondelelaniswe kunye indibano macromolecules protein ukuba zichithwa imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwiiseli.

reticulum Endoplasmic nakwizixhobo Golgi

Uthungelwano elikhulu tubules, tubules kunye vesicles kusekwe inkqubo oqhuba ngaphakathi kwi seli ize ibekwe ngeenxa ivolyum kukho icytoplasm kuthiwa reticulum endoplasmic, okanye reticulum. umsebenzi wayo uhambelana isakhiwo - ngokubonelela indibaniselwano phakathi organelles kunye iimolekyuli zothutho yezondlo ku organelles.

izixhobo Golgi, okanye isixhobo, wenza umsebenzi lokwandisa izinto ezifunekayo (izakha, amafutha, iiprotheni) kwinkqubo ukuqanda ekhethekileyo. Bona umda ukusuka inwebu cytoplasmic. Kwakhona, kuba i-organelle linxiwa Yindibanisela amafutha kunye carbohydrate.

Peroxisomes kunye lysosomes

Lysosomes - izakhiwo ezincinane ungqukuva efana amaqamza ezaliswe ulwelo. Ezininzi kakhulu kwaye athunyelwa kwi icytoplasm, apho iiseli ukuhamba ngaphakathi ngokukhululekileyo. msebenzi zazo eziphambili - sokuchitha amasuntswana zasemzini, oko kukuthi, kubulawe 'iintshaba "ngokohlobo iindawo kwabafileyo kwezakhiwo zeselula, iintsholongwane, nezinye iimolekyuli.

Imixholo ulwelo lwe Ukwanda enzyme, kutheni lysosomes inxaxheba cleavage of macromolecules nakwiiyunithi zabo monomeric.

Peroxisomes - organelles ezincinane mbhoxo okanye ngeenxa kunye inwebu elinye. Sigcwele okubhalwe ulwelo, equka inani elikhulu enqanda ezahlukeneyo. Bona enye kubathengi enkulu oksijini. umsebenzi wayo olwenziwa kuxhomekeke kudidi iseli apho zikhona. Kunokwenzeka ukuba Yindibanisela myelin esingxobeni Imisonto-luvo, kwaye kananjalo enze igcwala kunye neutralization kwezinto eziyityhefu kunye iimolekyuli ezahlukeneyo.

mitochondria

Ezi zithinteli akazange ngenxa nto kuthiwa ngamandla (energy) lwezikhululo iseli. Kungenxa ekubunjweni yamandla zazo eziphambili - molecule adenosine triphosphate okanye ATP. Imbonakalo bafana sembotyi. Le inwebu emigodini i mitochondria ukusuka kukho icytoplasm, kabini. isakhiwo lwangaphakathi elincane ngamandla ukwandisa njini umphezulu ATP. Ezibayeni ibizwa crista ziqulethe izixa ezikhulu enzayim ezahlukeneyo catalyze lo ehlaziya.

Uninzi mitochondria babe iiseli kwezihlunu imizimba ezilwanyana kunye nabantu, ekubeni zifuna ulondolozo eliphezulu nokuselwa amandla.

phenomenon cyclosis

Movement of kukho icytoplasm yeseli kuthiwa cyclosis. Le nto ndiyibhalayo iintlobo:

• oscillatory;
• rotary okanye setyhula;
• struychatoe.

Nayiphi na intshukumo Kuyimfuneko ukuba kulungiselelwe inani imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kukho icytoplasm: intshukumo ngokupheleleyo organelles ngaphakathi hyaloplasm, exchange efanayo izondlo, iigesi, metabolites amandla zinomgutyulo.

Cyclosis livela kuzo zombini iiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, kungekho ngaphandle. Ukuba ime, umzimba uyafa. Ngoko ke, le nkqubo - oku kwakhona sisalathisi izidalwa eziphilayo.

Ngaloo ndlela, sinokugqiba ukuba kukho icytoplasm lwesilwanyana iiseli, izityalo, nayiphi eukaryotic - inamandla kakhulu, isakhiwo live.

Ngokungafaniyo kukho icytoplasm iiseli zezilwanyana nezityalo

Enyanisweni, ezahlukeneyo kancinci. Kumbutho kwesicwangciso, imisebenzi eyenziwa efana ngokupheleleyo. Noko ke, ezinye Umahluko apho beziyeke khona. Umzekelo:

• Le kukho icytoplasm lomthiyiseli i iqulethe microtubules ngakumbi, aqukiweyo ekubunjweni kweendonga zawo iseli ngaphezu microfilaments. Kwezilwanyana, ngokuchasene noko.
• inclusions yeselula xa kukho icytoplasm ngezityalo iinkozo starch, izilwanyana njengoko tsakisi glycogen.
• Iseli yezityalo luphawulwa ubukho organelles ukuba ayifumaneki ezilwanyaneni. It plastids, vacuole kunye iseli eludongeni.

Kwezinye iinkalo, izakhiwo babini twatse kumafa kunye isakhiwo kukho icytoplasm. Ingahluka isixa amakhonkco omnye okanye elinye isolotya, kodwa ubukho babo kuyimfuneko. Ngoko ke, ixabiso kwiseli kukho icytoplasm izityalo kunye nezilwanyana makhulu ngokulinganayo.

Indima kukho icytoplasm kwi seli

Ixabiso le icytoplasm kwisisele enkulu, ukuba bathi sichaza. Emva kokuba Foundation, apho yonke ebalulekileyo nezakhiwo, ukuze zazi yayo indima kunzima. Kuyenzeka ukuqulunqa iingongoma ezimbalwa ezisisiseko ayityhile ixabiso.

1. Ukuba kusenza ndawonye onke amacandelo iiseli kwinkqubo emanyanisiweyo ukuba enze iinkqubo yobomi ngemvisiswano kunye ngokudibeneyo.
2. Ngenxa njengenxalenye amanzi kwiseli kukho icytoplasm medium lenza imisebenzi for intsebenziswano entsonkothileyo ezininzi kwemichiza kunye utshintshwano izinto komzimba (glycolysis, ukutya, exchange irhasi).
3. Le "isitsha" engundoqo ukuba ubukho organelles iseli.
4. Ngenxa microfilaments kunye neetyhubhu yakha cytoskeleton, organelles ndibopha bavumeleke ukuhambahamba.
5. It buzinze kukho icytoplasm iqela ehlanganisa zebhayoloji - enzyme, ekungekho akukho indlela ezinto eziphilayo.

Ukushwankathela, kufuneka uthi oku kulandelayo. Indima kukho icytoplasm kulo iseli cishe isitshixo, ngenxa yokuba - sisiseko zonke iinkqubo bume yobomi kunye zeendawana ngenxa basabela.