Valence ye tungsten. Iipropati kunye nezicelo ze-tungsten

Ukuzifundela ngale nqaku kuya kukuvumela ukuba uzibonele ngezinto eziphathekayo kunye nemikhemikhali ye-tungsten, ukwazi izinto ezikuyo kwendalo, indawo yokukhutshwa, imbali yokufumanisa nokunye okuninzi.

Tungsten (W)

I-Tungsten yinto yeTablesteri yePeriodic ye-DI Mendeleyev, inombolo engamashumi asixhenxe nesine ye-athomu, ihambelana nesimboli saseLatini W. Ngeemeko eziqhelekileyo inombala we-grey-silver, ukhanya, uqinile. Kuzo zonke izinyithi eziyaziwayo, i-tungsten ithathwa njengowona uphazamisayo. Ephakamileyo kuneW, i-melting point kuphela kuphela ye-nonmetal-carbon. Unokumelana neekhemikhali eziphezulu. I-valence ye-tungsten iyahluka.

Imbali yokufumanisa

I-chemist yaseSweden uKarl Wilhelm Scheele ngo-1781, esebenza kwi-scheelite unyango nge-nitric acid, wakwazi ukukhipha i-tungsten trioxide - "ilitye elikhulu" lombala ophuzi. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, ngowe-1783, abazalwana ababini be-Eluard, amakhemikhali aseSpain, baxelele uluntu ukuba banako ukufumana entsha yensimbi kunye ne-tungsten oxide ukusuka kwi-wolframite.

I-USA yamanje, iFransi ne-Great Britain isebenzisa igama elithi tungsten ye-tungsten, eguqulela kwisiSweden ngokuthi "ilitye elinzima". Ekuqaleni igama elithi wolframium luchaza i-wolframite yamaminerali. Kamva kwadlulela kwintsimbi ngokwawo.

Tungsten kwindalo

Ngokwezibalo zikaVinogradov, inani le-trustle le-tungsten e-Earth crust is approximately 1.3 g / t. Isalathisi esilinganiselweyo kumatye entaba ye-massifs, g / t: ii-acid rock - 1.9, ixabiso-1.2, i-0.7, i-ultrabasic-0.1.

Iindawo ezincinci zeso sinyithi zigxininiswe eChina, eU.SA, eCanada naseKazakhstan, kwaye amazwe afana neBolivia, ePortugal, Uzbekistan, eRashiya kunye ne-South Korea aneendawo ezincinci xa kuthelekiswa namazwe achazwe ngasentla. Phantsi kwama-49 ukuya kumawaka amawaka ama-50 aveliswa ngonyaka, i-41 yazo iveliswa yiChina, isabelo saseRashiya sihambelana neetoni ezingama-3.5, i-Kazakhstan-0.7 kunye ne-Australia-0.5 ngeetoni.

Kwimashishini, indima ephambili inikwe i-wolframite kunye ne-scheelite. Izimbiwa ze-wolframite zihlala zigxininiswe kumatye e-granitic, kwaye i-concentration yabo yesilinganiso ihambelana neyodwa ukuya kweyesibini. Uninzi lwamazwe okuvelisa i-tungsten. . Ixabiso lensimbi liphezulu kakhulu kwaye liyakwazi ukuhluka ngokubhekiselele kwintlobo yalo kunye nohlobo oluthengiswa ngayo (ukusuka kwi- 2,172 ukuya kuma-ruble 6,250,560) . Abathengi abaziintloko be-tungsten yi-UK, i-China ne-Australia. Ingeniswa ngobuninzi be-United States of America, eJamani, e-Engil naseJapan.

Izindlela zokufumana

Ukufumana i-tungsten yinkqubo eyenziwe ngamanqanaba amanyathelo athile. Okokuqala, i-trioxide i-WO ₃ ifunyenwe kwi-ore igxininisa kwinkqubo yokubuyiswa kwintsimbi kwisitya esenziwe nge-hydrogen malunga ne-700 ° C. Ngenxa yendawo ephakame kakhulu, indlela engcono yokuvelisa esi sinyithi i-powder metallurgy. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, i-tungsten powder icinezelekile, ibekwa kwindawo e-hydrogen kwaye idibeneyo malunga ne-1200-1300 ° C. Ukuqhutyelwa phambili kubonakaliswe kumbane kagesi kunye nokukhawuleza ukushisa okufudumalayo ukuya kuma-degrees amawaka amathathu, le nkqubo ihambelana nokukhonta, kwaye isinyithi iyajika ibe yi-monolith. Ukuveliswa kwee-tungsten kunye nokuhlanjululwa kwayo kwizinto ezifunyenweyo ze-monolithic ziyaqhubeka phantsi kweemeko zengqungquthela. Nangona kunjalo, i-tungsten powder ayiyona yodwa ifomu yokufumana le ntsimbi. Xa ufumana iW by pyrolysis esuka kuma-chloride kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane oko sele ifomini, kunokuba usebenzise i-compact and powdery.

Impawu zekhwalithi

I-valence ye-tungsten iguquke ngohlobo, ukusuka kwizinto ezimbini ukuya kweyesithandathu. Ifom yezona zizinzile zithatha kwi-valence yesithandathu. Iifom ezimbini kunye neentlupheko zee-compounds azizinzile kwaye azibalulekanga ngokubalulekayo, ngokwenza oko akusebenzi. I-Tungsten inqabana kakhulu nokulwa neensimbi. Ukushisa kwegumbi kukuvumela ukuba kugcinwe isikhundla esingahlali ngaphandle kokuhlaselwa; Emva kokuba kufinyelele kwiqondo lokushisa liqala ukukhupha, ukwenza i- tungsten oxide (VI). Kuthatha indawo yesibini kwiinkalo zoxinzelelo kwaye imele emva kwe-hydrogen. Cishe i-nerastvorim kwi-hydrofluoric ne-dilute sulfuric acid. I-asidi ye-nitric kunye ne-royal vodka kubangele i-oxidation yomhlaba. Ukutshatyalaliswa kunokwenzeka kwi-hydrogen peroxide.

Umxube we-hydrofluoric ne-nitric acid uchitheka kakuhle i-tungsten:

2W + 4HNO ₃ + 10HF ukuya kwi-WF ₆ + WOF ₄ + 4NO (ukuguqulwa kwegesi) + 7H ₂ O.

Ekubeni ubukho be-oxidants bangasabela njani nge-alkali etyhidiweyo:

2W + 4NaOH ₃ + 3O ₂ ukuya 2Na ₂ WO ₄ + 2H ₂ O.

Imizekelo engentla yempendulo iqhubela phambili, kodwa emva kokuba ifikelele kwiqondo lokushisa lika-400 ° C, i-tungsten iyazifudumala kwaye inkqubo yokuphendula iyakhawuleza, ngokukhawuleza ivelise inani elikhulu lokushisa. Iimpendulo ezibandakanya i-oxygen zidinga ukufikelela uphawu lwama-500 ° C ukwenzela ukuba isinyithi iqalise ukutshisa.

Ukuchithwa kumxube we-hydrofluoric ne-nitric acids kukhokelela ekwakheni i-hexafluorotungstic acid-H ₂ [WF ₆ ]. Kuzo zonke iindidi ze-tungsten ezaziwayo, ezibaluleke kakhulu i-anhydride ye-tungsten okanye i-tungsten trioxide, i-tungstate, i-peroxide kunye ne-Me ₂ WO _X , izinto ezakhiwe nge-S, C kunye neengxenye zeqela le-halogen.

Iipropati zendalo

I-Tungsten yintsimbi ebomvu epholileyo. Ubushushu be-tungsten ngethuba kunye nokupheka kufinyelela kumazinga aphezulu aseCelsius xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinyithi. Kukho ukucinga ukuba i-syborgy inamashishini athile aphezulu kunye nokupheka, kodwa ngenxa yokuba "ubomi" kakhulu kuncinci, oku akunako ukuqinisekiswa ngokuqinisekileyo, kuba oku akuzange kuboniswe ngokuqinisekileyo. I-tungsten iyancibilika kwi-3695 K, kodwa iipilisi, zifikelela kwi-5828 K. I-W ecocekileyo isisondelene negolide-19.25 amagremu nganye ngeyentimitha yeekerubhi. Uyazibonakalisa iimpawu zepamagnetic. Ngokuhambelana neerameter ye-Brinell yamanani, ubunzima buyi-488 kg / mm ² . Ngama-degrees ama-Celsius anama-UES angama-55 * -10 ^-9 engama-m, kwaye kwiqondo lokushisa lama-2700 ° C, isalathisi sityalo sinyukela kwi-904 * 10 ^-9 . Isandi esibonakaliswe kwi-tungsten ishukunywe kwisantya se-4290 m / s.

Enye yezona zinyithi ezigqithiseleyo kunye neengongoma ezinzima zokuqhafaza kunye nenqaku elikhulu lokuqhaqhaqhayisa i-tungsten efanelekileyo. Iipropati ezivela kuyo, zichonge inani layo kwiimarike zehlabathi kwaye zivumela ukusetyenziswa okubanzi. Ukukwazi ukujamelana nokushisa okuphezulu kukuvumela ukuba i-tungsten inkulu. I-Wire, amaphepha kunye nokunye okuninzi kuvumela ukudala iindlela ezisebenza iminyaka emininzi. Ukufana kwangaphandle neplatinum. Ngomfanekiso walo ococekileyo, xa uphelelwa kwi-1600 ° C, inokwakheka kakuhle.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezitye

Indlela ephezulu yokusebenzisa i-tungsten yisiseko njengento ekhanyelayo kwi-metallurgical industry.

Iiplastiki kunye neepropati zepropati - yilo lidumileyo kwi-tungsten. Intsimbi eyenziweyo yeso sinyithi ibaluleke kakhulu kwizixhobo ezilungiselelwe ukukhanyisa. Amayeza kunye nezinye iibhubhu ezichanekileyo nazo zisetyenziswa kakhulu.

I-argon yokuhambisa i-arc ayikwazi ukuyenza ngaphandle kwama-electrode eyenziwa ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-tungsten. Ukukhupha ukukhutshwa kwamanqatha kuyayisebenzisa njengento yokufudumala, kunye ne-alloy yale nsimbi kunye ne-rhenium isetyenziswe njenge-thermocouple.

Ubungakanani obuphezulu buvumela ukuba isetyenziswe njengesiseko sealloys esindayo esetyenzisiweyo njenge-counterweight, i-core-piercing core of shell-shaped projectile shell, ingundoqo yeekharriji zokubhoboza iinqwelo kunye ne-gyroscopes ezizinzisa ukuhamba kwemibhobho ye-ballistic.

I-Tungsten inokusebenza njengesilungiso esihle kakhulu se-radiation yohlobo lwe-ionizing. Nangona unobuninzi obuphezulu, ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nomkhokelo wendabuko, ubunzima, kunye nezinga elilinganayo lokukhusela, iimpahla okanye izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo ziphuma lula. Iipropati zokuxeka kunye nobunzima kubangela ukuba kubekho inkqubo yokucubungula, kwaye ngoko ngokuqhelekileyo kwiimeko ezinjalo zisebenzisa i-alloys ye-tungsten ne-nickel, kunye nesinyithi, ubhedu kunye nezinye izinyithi.

Kwimashishini, i-tungsten isetyenziselwa ukudala iintlobo zeemveliso ezinamandla. Iphepha, i-tungsten powder, i-electrodes kunye ne-barbell - enye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo ezivela kwi-W.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo

Ukucwangciswa kwezixhobo zeentlobo zezitye, kunye nezinto eziba yinxalenye yezakhiwo zobunjineli ezingezobuncinci, inkqubo yokwenza i-well and mining industries isebenzise i-alloys ezinamandla kunye nezinto ezidibeneyo ezisusela kwi-tungsten carbide, i-tanst carbide mix mix, i-tantalum carbide kunye ne-tungsten carbide. Amabanga aseTungsten ayenziwe kulezi zinto ahlukaniswe ngo-T30K4, T5K10, VK25, VK8, VK15, T15K4, VK2, VK6 kunye neVK4. Iimpawu zeqela le-TT zisetyenziselwa ukuqhutyelwa kolu bunzima kwiimeko zokunyuka ubunzima. Umzekelo obalaseleyo yinkqubo yokujikeleza yokutshiza izinto ezizinzileyo kunye ne-perforator okanye ukuveliswa kwezinto ezenziwe kwintsimbi ngokuxhathisa ukushisa okukhulu. W isetyenziswe njengento yokubambisa insimbi kunye nakwi-alloys esekelwe kwintsimbi. "Isantya esiphezulu" sinyithi kunye nokumakisha okubhaliweyo okuqala ngo-P, kwiimeko ezingaphezu kwama-90%, iqulethe isabelo se-tungsten.

Ngamanye amaxesha iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-tungsten zisetyenziselwa njengezinto zokuguqula okanye i-pigments, i-lubricant high-temperatures, ukuguqulwa kwefom ye-thermal yamandla kagesi.

ITungsten kunye neBiology

I-Tungsten ayithathwa njengesitye esibalulekileyo kwi-biology, kodwa ezinye iibhaktheriya kunye ne-arhebacteria kwi-enzymes zazo zineli candelo likhoyo kwiziko elisebenzayo. Ephantse kwimithombo yamanzi enzulu yohlobo lwama-hydrothermal, kukho i-archebacteria-hyperthermophiles, enokuthi ixhomekeke ku-tungsten. Ubukho beli sinyithi kwi-enzymatic composition libhekwa njengengqungquthela ye-archaean yexesha lokuqala, ngamanye amazwi, kunokuvumela umntu ukuba acinge ukuba kwenzeka kwangoko kubomi ngokuthatha inxaxheba kweW.

Njengengxenye enkulu yezinye izinyithi, uthuli lwe-tungsten lubangela ukucaphuka komzimba wokuphefumula.

Iifom ze-isotopes

¹⁸² W (26,41 %), ¹⁸³ W (14,4 %), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64 %) и ¹⁸⁶ W (28,41 %) . I-Tungsten yemvelaphi yemvelo ibandakanya umxube weendlela ezi-5 ezahlukeneyo ze-isotop, oku- ¹⁸⁰ W (0.135 wt%), ¹⁸² W (26,41%), ¹⁸³ W (14.4%), ¹⁸⁴ W (30.64%) I- ¹⁸⁶ W (28.41%) . I-valence ye-tungsten iyatshintsha kwaye ihlala ihambelana nombolo ukusuka ku-2 kuya kwe-6 kunoma iyiphi na ifotope ifomu.

Ngo-2016, iintlobo ezingamashumi amathathu nesithandathu ezenziwe ngabantu ezenziwe ngamacandelo e-radionuclides e-tungsten afunyenwe ngamanani amaninzi sele sele ayaziwa: 157 ... 179, 181, 185, 187 ... 197. I-radioactivity ye-tungsten yemvelaphi yemvelo yafunyanwa ngo-2003, kodwa ixabiso layo lincinci kakhulu, Ukubola kwembini ngegrama ngonyaka, kwaye imeko yolu hlobo yi-α-isenzo sensimbi.

Ekugqibeleni

I-refractory yezona zinyithi ezikhoyo ngoku ziyi-tungsten. Iipropati ezivela kuyo, ziyakwazi ukufumana indawo yazo kwiinkalo ezininzi zemisebenzi yezoshishino, ngokuqala ngobunjineli nokuphela kokukhuselwa ekuvezeni. Isinyithi savuleka, sithetha ngokuphindwe kabini, ngokwahlukileyo kwiminyaka emibini, kodwa uSiele no-Eluard abazalwana babenelungelo lokufumana ikhredithi ngokufunyanwa kwakhe. I-valence ye-tungsten iyahluka kwaye ithatha ixabiso ukusuka kwizinto ezimbini ukuya kweyesithandathu, kodwa, njengoko kushiwo ngaphambili, ifomu echanekileyo ine-valence yesithandathu. Ukuxhathisa kakhulu ukubola, unokusabela nge-alkalis kwaye uchithe umxube we-hydrofluoric ne-nitric acid.

Amabakala aseTungsten ahlulwe ibe nenani elikhulu leentlobo ngokuhambelana nendlela yokusebenza, ifom apho isakhiwo senziwe khona, kunye nendawo yesicelo sayo. Kukho iindidi ezininzi ze-isotope zayo, kwaye into ebonakalayo kwintsimi inomhlaba onobuchopho obonakalisiweyo kwaye iphosa ngokukhawuleza. Isiseko samaninzi amaninzi kunye neengxenye ezigcinayo, izixhobo ezininzi kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngumntu, yi-tungsten ngqo. Ixabiso nakwiikhilogram zetsimbi liphezulu kakhulu, kodwa ke alinciphisi imfuno yalo, kuba iimpawu zalo zihambelana neendleko ezicelwayo.