Imithombo ye-X. Ingaba i-X-ray tube iyimvelaphi ye-radiation ionizing?

Kuyo yonke imbali yobomi on Earth eziphilayo bajikelezwe eyingozi evela emkhathini yaye wazifundisa ngoxa kusemnandi atom, kunye nemitha kuzo izinto ezikhoyo ngokwendalo. ubomi Modern ilungiswa ukuba zonke iimpawu kunye neentsilelo lokusingqongileyo, kubandakanywa imithombo yendalo-X-reyi.

Nangona ukuba amanqanaba aphezulu radiation, Kakade ke, yingozi na emzimbeni, ezinye iintlobo radiation ibalulekile ebomini. Umzekelo, i-radiation imvelaphi iye negalelo chemical elingundoqo kunye kwemvelo. Kwakhona obonakalayo kukuba ubushushu ezingundoqo koMhlaba sinikiwe igcinwe ukubola ubushushu primary, yendalo atom.

eyingozi evela emkhathini

Imitha imvelaphi komhlaba, nto leyo gqolo ngemibuzo Umhlaba, ebizwa cosmic.

Isibakala sokuba kwimitha luchukumisa iwela kwiplanethi yethu evela emajukujukwini, kodwa ingabi imvelaphi zikrelekrele, kwafunyaniswa ukuhlola ukuba umlinganiselo ionization undizela ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwinqanaba elwandle 9,000 m. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukwanda radiation ionizing wanciphiswa kubude 700 m, nokuqhubeka ukukhwela landa ngokukhawuleza. Ukucutheka yokuqala ingabalelwa ekuncipheni ngobunzulu okanye amandla gamma eziphila kunye nokwanda - cosmic.

imithombo X-ray kwisithuba zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ehla- group;
• ehla- Seyfert;
• ilanga;
• iinkwenkwezi;
• quasars;
• imigodi abamnyama;
• iintsalela supernova;
• UDema ezimhlophe;
• iinkwenkwezi ezimnyama kunye nabanye.

Ubungqina radiation enjalo, umzekelo, kukwandisa ray ngobunzulu cosmic iqatshelwe kwihlabathi emva eziba. Kodwa inkwenkwezi yethu indima enkulu wobhobhozayo lilonke, njengoko ezincinane kakhulu iinguqulelo zayo yonke imihla.

iintlobo ezimbini echweliweyo

reyi yesiqalo zahlulwe zibe eziziprayimari nezizisekondari. Imitha angavumelaniyo kunye umcimbi emoyeni okanye lithosfere kwehayidrosfere zoMhlaba, ngokuba zaseprayimari. It iqulathe protons (≈ 85%) kunye alpha-amasuntswana (≈ 14%), kunye ezincinci kakhulu nokuphuma kwemali (<1%) nuclei nzima. Secondary rays X cosmic, imithombo imitha leyo - yemisebe zamabanga aphantsi kunye nomoya kuquka amasuntswana eathom ezifana pions, muons kunye electron. Kwinqanaba kolwandle, phantse zonke kwimitha waphawula siqulathe reyi yesibini yesiqalo 68% yayo accounted for muons ne-30% - by electron. Ngaphantsi kwe-1% ye-flow kwinqanaba elwandle luqulathe protons.

reyi Primary yesiqalo akholisa ukuba abe namandla kakhulu entshukumo. Bona icala elihle kwaye bafumane amandla ngenxa kukukhawuleziswa kwiinkalo ngemagnethi. Xa ongenawo umoya indawo ebizwayo amasuntswana ingaphila ixesha elide, kwaye bahambe izigidi iminyaka elula. Ngexesha lo moya, zinaso amandla aphezulu agciniweyo zomyalelo 2-30 GeV (1 GeV = 10 ⁹ eV). amasuntswana ngamnye amandla ukuya ku-10 ¹⁰ GeV.

Amandla aphezulu kwimitha zaseprayimari cosmic ukuvumela ukuba ukwahlula ngokoqobo le ngozi-athom kwi ojikeleze umhlaba. Kunye neutron, protons, kunye amasuntswana eathom nga kuyilwa elements lighter ezifana hydrogen, helium, kunye beryllium. Muons njalo icala, yaye ngokukhawuleza zisonakala zide zibe electron okanye positrons.

imagnethi

Ngobunzulu okanye amandla reyi yesiqalo kunye ukunyuka kakhulu ukufikelela kuma malunga-20 km. km 20 ukuya phezulu emoyeni (ukuya kwi-50 km), umfutho kunciphisa.

Le ndlela kungenxa yokwanda ukuvelisa radiation lesibini ngokwandisa umoya mninzi. Lisendaweni km 20 inxalenye enkulu radiation zaseprayimari wangena yentsebenziswano, kunye nokunciphisa ngamandla ukususela km 20 ukuya kwinqanaba elwandle ibonisa ukufunxeka ngemiqadi eziziisekondari umoya, ilingana umaleko ngamanzi-manzi 10 ngayo.

Le ngamandla radiation kwakhona ezinxulumene lokuphakama. Xa indawo enye nokunyuka kwemali lendalo-ikhweyitha Latitude 50-60 ° kwaye ihlala rhoqo ukuya nezibonda. Oku kubangelwa imilo lo mhlaba otsalayo komhlaba kunye nokusasazwa amandla radiation zaseprayimari. imigca Magnetic usebenza ngaphaya emoyeni ngokuqhelekileyo kufana kumphezulu womhlaba kwi-ikhweyitha yaye aa Incopho nezibonda. lula amasuntswana icala bahambe imigca zibuthe, kodwa ubunzima ekoyiseni kwawo enqamlezileyo. Ukususela izibonda 60 °, phantse zonke kwimitha engundoqo ifikelela ojikeleze umhlaba, kwaye kwi-ikhweyitha amasuntswana kuphela amandla kwi-15 GeV, kusichukumisa ngokusebenzisa Imagnethi.

imithombo ye-X-reyi

Ngenxa impefumlelwano reyi yesiqalo kunye umcimbi gqolo wavelisa isixa esikhulu atom. Inkoliso yabo amaqhekeza aseleyo, kodwa abanye babo akhiwa ukusebenza athom esitalini neutron kunye muons. Imveliso Natural ye atom emoyeni ingqamana ubunzulu radiation cosmic ngokugabadelayo kunye inkululeko. Malunga ne-70% kubo kwenzeka stratosphere, no-30% - kule eziFihliweyo.

Ngaphandle H-3 no C-14, atom zidla kungomlinganiselo ezincinane kakhulu. EziFihliweyo liyangxengwa luxutywe namanzi kunye H 2, no C-14 indibanisa usebenziso nge oxygen ukuze _NGEZE-2, nto leyo oluxutywe icarbon dioxide emoyeni. Carbon-14 ongena isityalo iphotosynthesis.

radiation Umhlaba

Kwezi atom ezininzi Obumbe Earth, kuphela nje ezimbalwa abe kwisiqingatha-ubomi elide ngokwaneleyo ukuze achaze ubukho babo yangoku. Ukuba iplanethi yethu yabunjwa 6 bhiliyoni kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ukuba bahlale izixa ezilinganisekayo, kuya kufuna kwisiqingatha-ubomi iminyaka ubuncinane million 100. Kwezi atom zaseprayimari, apho zisafumaneka, abaluleke kakhulu ezintathu. X-reyi umthombo i K-40, U-238 kunye Th-232. Uranium kunye ukubola thorium umxokelelwane, iimveliso ngamnye ifomu phantse ayisoloko imi phambi Isotope yokuqala. Nangona uninzi atom nendodakazi siphila ixesha elifutshane, baya zixhaphakile kwimeko-bume, kuba usoloko abunjwe evela uhlobo ixesha elide.

Okunye ixesha elide imithombo X-ray yokuqala, ngamafutshane, zibe kungomlinganiselo omncinci kakhulu. Lo RB-87, La-138, Ce-142, SM-147, Lu-176, njalo njalo. D. neutron zemvelo zenza ezinye atom ezininzi, kodwa ingqalelo ngokuqhelekileyo luphantsi kakhulu. Xa umsebenzi Oklo e Gabon, eAfrika, ibekwe ubungqina bokuba "reactor zendalo" apho ngayo enyukliya zisenzeka. Kwamanani U-235 kunye nobukho iimveliso ngokucandeka ngaphakathi iidiphozithi uranium osisityebi, zibonisa ukuba malunga 2 billion kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, apho kwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo zivuse ukusabela chain.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba atom wokuqala ikuyo, ingqondo yabo ixhomekeke indawo. Ichibi ezingundoqo radioactivity yendalo lo lithosfere. Ngaphezu koko, ngaphakathi lithosfere oko utshintshatshintsha kakhulu. Maxa wambi inxulunyaniswa neentlobo ezithile iikhompawundi kunye neeminerali, ngamanye amaxesha - ingakumbi kwingingqi, kunye unxulumano encinane kunye iintlobo zamatye kunye neeminerali.

Ukuhanjiswa atom zamabanga aphantsi kunye nemveliso yazo nentombi yendalo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, kuquka iimpawu eekhemikhali kweenyuklayidi, izinto ezibonakalayo ze-ikhosistim, kwakunye neempawu komzimba kunye nezendalo enezityalo nezilwanyana. Yemozulu aphiwe, ichibi zazo eziphambili onikezela umhlaba nayo U, Th and K. Th kunye U iimveliso ukubola ukuthatha inxaxheba kule program. Of umhlaba K, Ra, U bit, kunye Th encinane kakhulu zifunxwe zizityalo. Bona ukusebenzisa potassium-40 kwakunye ezinzileyo kunye K. Radium, U-238 imveliso ukubola, esetyenziswa yi izityalo, kungengenxa yokuba i Isotope, kwaye ukusukela ukuba ayifane calcium. Absorption kwezityalo uranium kunye thorium zikholisa ezincinane, ekubeni ezi atom zidla ezingenakunyibilika.

radon

Eyona nto ibaluleke kunazo zonke imithombo isiqalelo radiation yendalo Ekse kwaye ayinavumba, igesi ongabonakaliyo, nto leyo amaxesha 8 inzima komoya, radon. It iqulathe izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezimbini eziphambili - radon-222, omnye iimveliso kuwohloka U-238 kunye Radon-220, akhiwa kuwohloka Th-232.

Amatye, umhlaba, izityalo, izilwanyana kukhutshwe radon emoyeni. Le gas yimveliso kuwohloka Radium, kwaye ekuveliseni naziphi na izinto iqulethe oko. Ekubeni radon - egalelwe igesi, iya bodwa iindawo wadibana emoyeni. Imali radon, ezithi zivele esinobunzima elinikiweyo zamatye kuxhomekeke kwimali Radium kunye umphezulu ndawo. Ezincane uhlobo, kokukhona ingakhupha radon. xiyimiso YE emoyeni kufutshane izixhobo radiysoderzhaschimi kwakhona kuxhomekeke Velocity emoyeni. Emagumbini, nemiqolomba nasemigodini, leyo abe amahlwempu air kwegazi, uyazikhomba radon unako ukufikelela kumanqanaba ezibalulekileyo.

YE ngokukhawuleza abole kwaye yenza uthotho atom intombi. Emva ukuyilwa iimveliso ekonakaleni radon esesibhakabhakeni aba kunye amasuntswana amancinane uthuli, leyo luhlala phezu komhlaba kunye nezityalo, kwaye ukurhogele yi izilwanyana. Iimvula ingakumbi nyulu ngempumelelo umoya izinto lwemitha, kodwa le ngozi nokufumba amasuntswana zetoti kwandisa isimemezelo zabo.

Sezulu sifudumele, uyazikhomba radon ngaphakathi kwi-avareji amaxesha malunga 5-10 ngaphezulu phandle.

Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, le ndoda "ngokuzenzela" wavelisa atom amakhulu aliqela ehamba X-reyi imithombo imitha, iimpawu kunye izicelo asetyenziswa amayeza, emkhosini, ugesi, kunye lezixhobo lezimbiwa ukuhlola.

imiphumela ngabanye lwemithombo kwemitha ezenziwe iyahluka kakhulu. Abantu abaninzi ukufumana idosi elincinane ngokwentelekiso radiation ngumntu, kodwa amanye - ezininzi izihlandlo amawaka yemisebe kwemithombo yendalo. ke imithombo Man-ezenziwe ilawulwa ngcono kunokuba zendalo.

imithombo X-ray amayeza

Ukusetyenziswa mveliso unyango, njengoko umthetho, kuphela atom ecocekileyo, leyo lula ukuchongwa ngeendlela ukuba avuze esuka kumanxuwa ukugcinwa kunye inkqubo yokulahla.

izicelo wokukhupha imitha yandile kwaye ezinokuba negalelo ebalulekileyo. Oku kuquka imithombo X-ray ingasetyenziswa xa iyeza:

• uxilongo;
• therapy;
• iinkqubo analytical;
• ugijima.

Kuba ukusetyenziswa diagnostic njengoko imithombo abucala, kwakunye iintlobo ngeentlobo tracers eqhumayo. izibonelelo zempilo ngokuqhelekileyo ukwahlula nesicelo ngemitha kunye namayeza yenyukliya.

Ngaba tube X-ray mthombo ionizing radiation? Itomography ngekhompyutha kunye fluoroscopy - a neenkqubo ezaziwayo-kakuhle diagnostic ukuba bazenzile ngawo. Ngaphezu koko, ngo ray zonyango, zininzi imithombo izicelo Isotope kuquka gamma beta, nemithombo neutron zovavanyo kulungiselelwa iimeko apho koomatshini X-ray ukuba kuhlalwe, engafanelekanga, okanye inokuba yingozi. Ukususela ngokombono eziphilayo, imitha X-ray ingeyongozi nje imithombo ayo ahlale uxanduva kwaye ilahlwe ngokufanelekileyo. Kule nkalo, izinto ibali Radium, radon neenaliti radiysoderzhaschih khompawundi luminescent abayi ekhuthazayo.

imithombo X-ray ngokusekelwe ⁹⁰ Sr okanye ¹⁴⁷ emva kwemini ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo. Ukuvela ²⁵² cf njengendawo ephathekayo neutron generator neutron ray yenziwe ifumaneke ngokubanzi, nangona ngokubanzi, le ndlela isekhona ixhomekeke kakhulu kubukho zamandla zenyukliya.

amayeza nuclear

Ingozi ephambili igalelo kokusingqongileyo ngamagama radioisotope amayeza yenyukliya kunye X-ray imithombo. Imizekelo ukusebenza engathandekiyo oku kulandelayo:

• zokukhanya le isigulana;
• ukungakhuseleki abasebenzi esibhedlele;
• zokukhanya xa ezithutha imithi radioactive;
• nefuthe kwinkqubo yokuvelisa;
• ifuthe inkunkuma eqhumayo.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kukho umkhwa ukunciphisa sesichengeni izigulane xa sijonge ukusungulwa izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo-obufutshane ngakumbi ziwuphose swi imisebenzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemveliso ngakumbi localized kakhulu.

Ezincinane isiqingatha-kunciphisa impembelelo inkunkuma eqhumayo ekubeni inkoliso iziqalelo ixesha elide na imveliso ngokusebenzisa nezintso.

Kuyabonakala ukuba, iimpembelelo kokusingqongileyo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yogutyulo akuxhomekekanga ukuba isigulana esibhedlele okanye aphathwe ngendlela kwesibhedlele. Nangona uninzi lokukhutshwa izinto radioactive kungenzeka ukuba elifutshane, isiphumo ezongezelekayo udlula kakhulu izinga longcoliseko zonke izityalo amandla enyukliya zidityanisiwe.

Eyona ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa atom amayeza - imithombo X-ray:

• ^99m Tc - ukukrwaqula yaba lukakayi, ingqondo, Imitha yovavanyo ebuchotsheni igazi, intliziyo, isibindi, umphunga, lengqula nobubovu, eyendawo placental;
• ¹³¹ - igazi, isibindi scan, placental emzimbeni, ukukrwaqula kunye nonyango yendlala;
• ⁵¹ Cr - ukuzimisela ezibude ubukho iiseli ezibomvu okanye uyathinjelwa, umthamo wegazi;
• ⁵⁷ Co - Schilling isampula;
• ³² P - aphila namathambo.

ukusetyenziswa kwezi analysis iinkqubo radioimmunoassay radiation umchamo kunye nezinye iindlela zophando usebenzisa enombhalo oganikhi khompawundi ukwanda kakhulu ukusetyenziswa amalungiselelo lulwelo-scintillation. izisombululo phosphorus Organic zidla ngokusekwa toluene okanye xylene, zenza umthamo enkulu kangangoko lenkunkuma yokuphilayo engamanzi kufuneka itshatyalaliswe. Iqhubekekisa ngohlobo elulwelo, ibe yingozi yaye akwamkelekanga bume. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kukhethwa lwenkunkuma ukutshisa.

Ukususela kudala-wahlala ³ H okanye ¹⁴ C zikhawuleze ezinyibilikayo kwimeko-bume, ifuthe labo kuluhlu yesiqhelo. Kodwa ubukela kunokuba kakhulu.

Enye ukusetyenziswa ezinokubangwa atom - ukusetyenziswa iibhetri neplutoniyam igunya pacemakers. Amawaka abantu namhlanje Bulelani uphilela yokuba ezi zixhobo ukunceda ekusebenziseni iintliziyo zabo. imithombo Kwavingcelwa ²³⁸ Pu (150 GBq) utyando ingenisa zibe izigulane.

Industrial X-ray radiation: imithombo, iimpawu kunye nezicelo

Medicine - nje kuphela ummandla apho wafumana ukusetyenziswa kwale nxalenye spectrum electromagnetic. Inxalenye enkulu bume yemisebe eyenziwe ngumntu zisetyenziswe radioisotopes mveliso kunye nemithombo X-ray. Imizekelo yalo sicelo:

• ray industrial;
• nesilinganiso radiation;
• detectors umsi;
• izinto self-ezikhanyayo;
• X-reyi crystallography;
• yabavavanyi ukuhlola umthwalo kwaye enze-on iimpahla;
• laser X-ray;
• synchrotrons;
• cyclotrons.

Ekubeni uninzi lwezi izicelo zibandakanya ukusetyenziswa izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo anyityiliselwe, zokukhanya kwenzeka ngexesha ibithuthwa, ukutshintshwa, ulondolozo kunye nokusetyenziswa.

Ingaba umthombo ityhubhu X-ray ionizing radiation kushishino? Ewe, kusetyenziswa iindlela zolawulo moya non-entshabalalo, xa yikristale uphando, izixhobo kunye nezakhiwo, ukuhlolwa mveliso. Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, ithamo lokungakhuseleki radiation kwinzululwazi kunye noshishino aye kufika isiqingatha ixabiso zesi salathisi amayeza; Ngoko ke, igalelo elibalulekileyo.

Anyityiliselwe imithombo X-ray bebodwa mhoyanga. Kodwa yokuhamba kunye nokulahlwa luphumelela xa elahlekile okanye ngempazamo waphoswa ekumgqomo. imithombo X-ray ezinjalo inikezelwe kwaye ezifakwe IiCD kabini-etywiniweyo okanye isayizi. Le njengezingxobo zenziwa ngentsimbi stainless kwaye kufuna ukuhlolwa ngamaxesha ukuvuza. NoKwenziwa ngokutsha kwezinto ebesezisetyenzisiwe inokuba yingxaki. imithombo elifutshane elide unokugcina ukubola, kodwa kulo mzekelo, kufuneka ngokufanelekileyo ithathelwe ingqalelo, kwaye izinto esebenzayo eseleyo kufuneka zilahlwe kwindawo ezinelayisenisi. Kungenjalo, le njengezingxobo kufuneka zithunyelwe kumaziko ezizodwa. ubukhulu yabo kugqiba ubungakanani inkcazelo esebenzayo X-ray umthombo inxalenye.

indawo yokugcina imithombo X-ray

Ingxaki ezikhulayo ugunyaziso ekhuselekileyo yokubulala kweziza zoshishino apho radioactive materials zigcinwa ngaphambili. Ngokomthetho ngayo ngaphambili kwakhiwa namashishini nokuhlawulwa izixhobo zenyukliya, kodwa kufuneka ibe yinxalenye namanye amashishini, ezifana iifektri ukulungiselela ukuveliswa iimpawu eziFihliweyo self-ezikhanyayo.

Ingxaki ekhethekileyo ke imithombo-kwinqanaba elisezantsi elide-baphila, ezithi yasasazwa. Umzekelo, ^i-241 Am isetyenziswa ngumsi detectors. Ukongeza radon ke imithombo X-ray iphambili kweli khaya. Ngabanye ukuba kungenakufaka nayiphi na ingozi, kodwa kukho inani elikhulu kubo inokuba ingxaki kwixesha elizayo.

kuqhuma nuclear

Kule minyaka ingama-50 idluleyo, elowo yathotyelwa kwimeko yesenzo imisebe okubangelwa radioactive okubangelwa uvavanyo izixhobo zenyukliya. Baya lalonyukile ngo kwiminyaka 1954-1958 kunye 1961-1962.

Ngowe-1963, amazwe amathathu (USSR, USA ne Great Britain) asayina isivumelwano kwi ukuvalwa buso kwiimvavanyo zenyukliya emoyeni, iilwandle kunye nendawo engaphandle. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini ezayo, France kunye China yaqhuba uthotho lweemvavanyo ezincinane kakhulu, nto leyo yaphela ngo-1980 Iimvavanyo engaphantsi nangoku kuqhutywa, kodwa zikholisa ukungabi kwezulu.

imisebe emva iimvavanyo esesibhakabhakeni kuwa kufuphi kwisiza dubulo. Inxalenye, bahlala eziFihliweyo kwaye yenziwa yi-umoya ehlabathini lonke kwi ngama efanayo. Njengoko sisiya, baya kuwa emhlabeni, ukuhlala malunga ngenyanga emoyeni. Kodwa ingxenye engcono zidudulelwe stratosphere, apho ungcoliseko uhlala iinyanga ezininzi, yaye bewuhlisele kancinci ehlabathini.

Weyantlukwano iquka amakhulu atom ezahlukeneyo, kodwa bambalwa kuphela kubo bayakwazi ukwenza emzimbeni womntu, ngoko ubungakanani lincinane kakhulu, kwaye Ukubola okukhawulezayo. C-14, Cs-137, Zr-95 kunye Sr-90 nelona galelo likhulu.

Zr-95 kwisiqingatha-ubomi iintsuku 64, kwaye Cs-137 kunye Sr-90 - 30 iminyaka. carbon-14 kuphela ngobomi isiqingatha engama 5730 kuya kuhlala kusebenza kwixesha elizayo esikude.

amandla enyukliya

amandla enyukliya yeyona ixakayo yonke imithombo ngumntu-ezenziwe radiation, kodwa linegalelo elincinci kakhulu ifuthe kwimpilo yabantu. Ngexesha lokusebenza okuqhelekileyo izibonelelo enyukliya ayikhuphi kokusingqongileyo imali encinci radiation. NgoFebruwari 2016, kukho 442 yokusebenza iziphenduli zenyukliya yamakhaya ezibe kumazwe ayi-31, yaye elinye 66 ziphantsi kolwakhiwo. Oku kuphela yinxalenye yomjikelo zemveliso amafutha yenyukliya. Iqala nemveliso nokutshixiza uranium esikrwada ukhipha ukuzakhela amafutha enyukliya. Emva ukusetyenziswa izityalo amandla iiseli lezibaso amaxesha ukwenzela nokuhlawulwa uranium neplutoniyam. Ekugqibeleni, lo mjikelo siphela kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma yenyukliya. Xa kwisigaba ngasinye somjikelo manzi izinto radioactive.

Malunga nesiqingatha yemveliso yehlabathi ka uranium ekrwada uvela emhadini evulekileyo, esinye isiqingatha - ukusuka emigodini. ngoko ke bayisile ematyeni ezikufutshane avelisa izixa ezikhulu zenkunkuma - amakhulu ezigidi eetoni. Le inkunkuma kuhlala eqhumayo ukuba kwizigidi zeminyaka emva kokuba nkampani eyeka umsebenzi wayo, nangona ukukhutshwa imitha maqhezu encinane kakhulu imvelaphi yendalo.

Emva koko, lo uranium uguqulwe amafutha ngu nkqubo ukuyisa phambili kwaye intlambululo yokusihlambulula kwi zokusila kugxila. Ezi nkqubo kukhokelela emoyeni kunye namanzi ungcoliseko, kodwa ngaphantsi kakhulu kwi kwezinye izigaba zomjikelo amafutha.