Ingcamango kaSchrödinger: inkcazelo, iimpawu, iimvavanyo kunye nesicelo

Le nqaku ichaza ukuba yiyiphi inkolelo kaSchrödinger. Igalelo lale nzu lulwazi kwenzululwazi yanamhlanje iboniswa, kunye nengcamango yokuzama malunga nekati eyakhiwe nguye ichazwe. Ngokufutshane ichaza ububanzi balo hlobo lolwazi.

UErwin Schrödinger

Ikati eliqhayisayo, elingafi okanye elingasaphila, lisetyenziswe yonke indawo. Ngokuphathelele kwakhe iifilimu zenziwa, ngozuko lwakhe kuthiwa uluntu malunga ne-physics kunye nezilwanyana, kukho enye ingubo yokugqoka. Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo abantu bathetha ukuphazamiseka kwintlanzi engenakonwaba. Kodwa malunga nomdali wakhe, u-Erwin Schrödinger, njengomthetho, khumbula. Wazalelwa eVienna, eyayiyinxalenye ye-Austria-Hungary. Wayeyinzala yentsapho efundiswe kakhulu kwaye ekhulile. Uyise, uRudolph, wakhiqiza i-linoleum waza watyala imali, kuquka nesayensi. Unina wayeyintombi yechemist, kwaye u-Erwin wayevame ukuza kuphulaphula iintetho zemfundo zikayise.

Ekubeni omnye wabagogo boososayensi wayengumNgesi, kusukela ebuntwaneni wayenomdla kwiilwimi zasemzini waza wazi kakuhle isiNgesi. Akumangalisi ukuba uSrödinger ubengcono kakhulu kwiklasi rhoqo ngonyaka, kwaye kwipyunivesithi wabuza imibuzo enzima. Kwizenzululwazi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukungahambelani phakathi kwe-physics eqondakalayo kunye nokuziphatha kweengqungquthela ze-micro-nanoworld sele zityhilwa. U-Erwin Schrödinger wanikela yonke into yokulungisa iingxabano .

Igalelo kwisayensi

Okokuqala, kufuneka kuthethwe ukuba le physicist wayenxaxheba kwiinkalo ezininzi zesayensi. Nangona kunjalo, xa sithetha "i-Schrodinger theory", asithethi inkcazo yemathematika eyenziwe nguye, kodwa igalelo kumatshini we-quantum. Ngaloo mihla, iteknoloji, ukuzama kunye nenkolelo yahamba ngesandla. Isithombeni siphuhlisiwe, i-spectra yokuqala yabhalwa, kwafunyanwa i-radioactivity. Izazi zenzululwazi ezithe zafumana iziphumo zihambelana kakhulu kunye ne-theorists: zavuma, zongezelela, zatsho. Izikolo ezitsha kunye namasebe enzululwazi zenziwe. Ihlabathi lidlala kwimibono eyahlukileyo, kwaye abantu bafumana iimfono ezintsha. Nangona ubunzima beethuluzi zezibalo, kunokwenzeka ukuchaza intsingiselo kaSchrödinger ephilileyo.

Ihlabathi le-Quantum - kulula!

Ngoku kuyaziwa ngokucacileyo ukuba umlinganiselo wezinto eziphantsi kophando ngqo uthintela iziphumo. Izinto ezibonakalayo kwiso zithobela iingcamango ze-physics ye-classic. Inkolelo yeSchrödinger isebenza kumzimba kunye nobukhulu bekhulu lekhulu kunye nekhulu le-nanometers kwaye ngaphantsi. Kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo sithetha ngee-atom ngamnye kunye neengqungquthela ezincinci. Ngaloo ndlela, ngalinye iqela le-microsystem lineziganeko zombini neengqungquthela kunye namagagasi (ubuqhetseba obunobumba). Ukusuka kwizinto eziphathekayo kwii-electron, iprotoni, i-neutron, njl., Kukho ubuninzi kunye ne-inertia edibeneyo, isantya, ukukhawuleza. Ukususela kumatshini ombhalo - iimpawu ezifana nemvama kunye nokuhlaselwa. Ukuze siqonde indlela oku kwenzeka ngayo ngexesha elifanayo, kwaye kutheni bahlukelelana, omnye umntu, izazinzulu zifuneka ukuba ziqwalasele ngokubanzi ingcamango yonke yesakhiwo sezinto.

Iingcamango zikaSchrödinger zibonisa ukuba izibalo ezi zimbini zidibaniswe ngumbutho othile, obizwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi wokutshintsha. Ukufumana inkcazo yemathematika yalo mgaqo kwazisa uSroroedinger i-Nobel Prize. Nangona kunjalo, intsingiselo engokwenyama ebhekiswe kuye ngumlobi ayizange ihambisane namaBhohr, uSommerfeld, uHeisenberg no-Einstein, owamisela ukuchazwa kweCopenhagen. Ngako oko "i-cat paradox" yavela.

Umsebenzi we-Wave

Xa kuziwa kumqolo ophezulu weengqungquthela zokuqala, iingcamango ezivela kwi-macroscales zinciphisa ubunzima: ubunzima, umthamo, isivinini, ubungakanani. Kwaye kungena amalungelo abo okungaqinisekanga. Izinto zeli sikhulu azikwazi ukulungiswa kumntu - kuphela iindlela zokufunda ezifihliweyo zifikelela kubantu. Umzekelo, amaqhosha okukhanya kwisikrini esicacileyo okanye kwifilimu, inani lokuchofoza, ubukhulu befilimu echithwa. Zonke ezinye ziindawo zokubala.

Inkolelo yeSchrödinger isekelwe kwimilinganiselo eyenziwa ngulo lulwazi. Yaye inxalenye yabo ebalulekileyo ngumsebenzi wokutshintsha. Ichaza ngokukhethekileyo iimpawu kunye nohlobo lwe-quantum ye-particle phantsi kophando. Kukholelwa ukuba umsebenzi ojikelezayo ubonisa urhulumente, umzekelo, we-electron. Nangona kunjalo, yena ngokwakhe, ngokuchasene neengcamango zombhali wakhe, akanalo intsingiselo yenyama. Yisisetyenzisi esisetyenziswayo semathematika. Ekubeni kweli phepha sibonisa intsingiselo yeSchrödinger ngamazwi alula, makhe sithi isithuba somsebenzi womtsalane sichaza amathuba okufumana inkqubo kwinkqubo echazwe ngaphambili.

Ikati njengomzekelo we-macroobject

Ngolu ngcaciso, ebizwa ngokuba yiCopenhagen, umbhali ngokwakhe akazange avume kuze kube sekupheleni kobomi bakhe. Wayephazamiseka ngokugqithiswa kwengcamango yokuba kungenzeka, kwaye wafuna ukubonakala komsebenzi ngokwawo, kungekhona isikwere.

Njengomzekelo wokungahambelani kwezi zimela, waxela ukuba kulo mzekelo i-microcosm izakuchaphazela izinto ezininzi. Intsholongwane yekati yeSchrodinger ithi: ukuba umzimba ophilayo (umzekelo, itekiti) ifakwe kwibhokisi etywinwe kwaye i-capsule enegesi enetyhefu ivuleka, ukuba inxalenye ethile yomsakazo idibanisa kwaye ihlala ivalwe, ukuba ukubola kungenziwanga, kuya kuvela ukuphazamiseka ngaphambi kokuba ibhokisi ivule. Ngokutsho kweengcamango ze-quantum, i-atom yequmrhu elisebenzisekayo elithile elinokwenzeka ngamathuba athile ngexesha elithile liya kutshabalalisa. Ngaloo ndlela, phambi kokuvavanywa kwamehlo, i-athomu ngokufanayo idibeneyo kwaye ayikho. Kwaye, ngokwemfundiso kaSchroedinger, ukuba isabelo esifanayo sinokwenzeka ukuba ikati ifile ngokufanayo, kodwa mhlawumbi iphila. Oko, uya kuvuma, akunangqondo, ngokuba uvule ibhokisi, siya kufumana kuphela ilizwe elilwanyana. Kwaye kwisitya esivaliweyo, ecaleni kwipompole ebulalayo, ikati ifile okanye iphile, njengoko la manani ayicacile kwaye ayiphakamise inketho ephakathi.

Lo mzekelo unokhonkco, kodwa ungakhange uqinisekise ngokucacileyo: ngokungabikho kwemiqathango yokukhawulela ixesha elithile lokumisela imeko ethile yekethi yokucinga, le nto ayilindelekanga. Nangona kunjalo, imithetho ye-quantum-mechanical ayikwazi ukusetyenziswa kwizinto ezininzi. Ukuchonga ngokuthe ngqo umgca phakathi kwe-microcosm kwaye eziqhelekileyo azikaze zenzeke. Nangona kunjalo, isilwanyana ubukhulu bekati, ngokungathandabuzeki, into ebalulekileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwee-mechanum mechanics

Naluphi na, kwimiba ethile, into ephakamileyo, umbuzo uvela malunga nokuba yintoni ikati yeSchrodinger lingayiluncedo. I-big bang theory, umzekelo, isekelwe ngokuchanekileyo kwiinkqubo ezihambelana nale mvavanyo. Yonke into ehambelana nesantya esiphezulu se-ultra-high, isakhiwo esincinci kakhulu semeko, ukufundwa kwendalo yonke, ichazwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, nge-quantum mechanics.