Igesi ephelele

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba zonke izinto kwindalo babe zabo imo ukulinganiswa, enye yazo yigesi. Amacandelo amasuntswana - molecule athom - ukuba bebekwe ngokwahlukeneyo omnye komnye mgama. Noko ke, benyuka rhoqo free. Le ndawo ibonisa ukuba impefumlelwano amasuntswana kwenzeka kuphela ngexesha zokuhlangabezana, kakhulu ukwandisa isantya molekyuli zingagilani kunye nobukhulu bazo. Le meko sukube zenkqunto ahluka ukusuka okuqinileyo kunye engamanzi.

Igama elithi "umoya" ngesiGrike iyalila "chaos". Oku luni ngokugqibeleleyo intshukumo bamasuntswana, nto leyo ngequbuliso ngokwenene kwaye bahlupheke. Irhasi aluyiyo kumphezulu wawucacisa, ugcwalisa umthamo yonke ekhoyo kuye. Loo isimo ndaba - ixhaphakileyo indalo yethu.

Imithetho emisela iimpawu kunye nokuziphatha kwezinto ezinjalo, yaye ukuqulunqa ilula ukuqwalasela umzekelo imeko apho lexinene xa kuthelekiswa ye zomoya kunye atom esezantsi. It was ngokuba "igesi efanelekileyo". It umgama phakathi kweengqakumbana mkhulu ngaphezu kwirediyasi imikhosi yentsebenziswano aphakathi.

Ngenxa yoko, irhasi ifanelekileyo - imodeli yeengcingane umba apho phantse akukho ngxoxo amasuntswana. Ngokuba kuye, le miqathango ilandelayo kufuneka lubekhona:

1. ubungakanani elincinane kakhulu iimolekyuli.

2. Akukho mandla yentsebenziswano phakathi kwabo.

3. Yangqubana kwenzeka ingozi yokuba iibhola elastic.

Umzekelo omhle kule imeko zegesi eziphathekayo kothiwa apho uxinzelelo kubushushu obuphantsi ayidluli amaxesha 100 esesibhakabhakeni. Bona uphakathi uyakhululwa.

Le mbono "igesi efanelekileyo" inzululwazi wenze kube lula ukwakha ingcamango molekyuli-entshukumo, ogama iziphumo zingqinwa ukuhlola ezininzi. Ngokwale nasekufundiseni iigesi ezahlukeneyo efanelekileyo bamandulo umyinge.

Iimpawu lowokuqala kubonakaliswe imithetho physics yamandulo. Isindululo ngamasuntswana kwi berhasi ezimeleyo omnye komnye, uxinzelelo ezwi phezu kodonga lilingana isixa pulses ukuba ngamaza ngamnye iimolekyuli yokungqubana kangangexesha elithile. amandla yabo udibaniso amasuntswana ngamnye zidityanisiwe. Umsebenzi igesi efanelekileyo kule meko ubalwa Clapeyron equation p = nkT. Umzekelo iphawulekayo woku imithetho eyenziwe izazinzulu yemvelo ezifana Boyle-Mariotte, Gay-Lussac, Charles.

Ukuba iqondo lobushushu igesi ifanelekileyo lihlisa okanye kwandisa loxinano isuntswana kwixabiso ethile, kwandisa iimpawu zayo ngumtshangatshangiso. A shintsho lwenzeka ukuba umyinge negesi, apho kwamaza -athom kunye iimolekyuli ufana ne umgama phakathi kwabo. Kukho iindidi ezimbini igesi esifanelekileyo:

1. Teaching and bose Einstein amasuntswana lohlobo elinye elipheleleyo Ihlole.

2. Fermi and Dirac manani: uhlobo olwahlukileyo molecule babe isiqingatha-elipheleleyo Ihlole.

Ngokungafaniyo igesi classical efanelekileyo evela umyinge kukuba nangona ingundoqo ixabiso lobushushu zero loxinano amandla kunye noxinzelelo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwiqanda. Aba ezinkulu kunye mninzi okwandayo. Kulo mzekelo, amasuntswana kufuneka ezona (elinye igama - umda) amandla. Ukusuka lo mbono, ubume thiyori iinkwenkwezi ngaloo apho konga ngaphezulu 1-10 kg / cm3, umthetho electron ngokukhawuleza. Apho lidlula 109kg / cm3, into ajikwa iiseli zemithambo-luvo.

Xa nesinyithi, ukusetyenziswa nethiyori apho igesi classical efanelekileyo kuya umyinge, inceda ukucacisa inkoliso iimpawu ebuntsimbi karhulumente zenkqunto: amasuntswana luthe, ukusondela enkulu.

Xa wabonisa ngamandla obushushu aphantsi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo States ulwelo aqinileyo nentshukumo adibeneyo molekyuli nga kuthathwa njengento umsebenzi negesi ifanelekileyo emelwe excitations buthathaka. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, igalelo elibonakalayo kwi amandla emzimbeni, nto leyo idityaniswe amasuntswana.