Einstein ngeMbasa kaNobel imfundiso le isivamvo

Nakule wenzululwazi yehlabathi kunzima ukufumana sisazinzulu koluhlu enye Albert Einstein. Noko ke, indlela yakhe udumo kunye nokuqondwa kwakungelula. Kwanele ukuba bathi Nobel Prize Albert Einstein wafumana kuphela emva ngokungeyompumelelo ikhethiwe izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwama-10.

ulwazi Brief oluchaza

Albert Einstein wazalwa ngoMatshi 14, 1879 kwisixeko German ka Ulm kwintsapho efumileyo-class yamaYuda. Uyise ekuqaleni benza kwimveliso oomatrasi, yaye emva kokuba sifudukele eMunich wavula nkampani norhwebelwano izixhobo zombane.

Kwiminyaka 7 Albert wathunyelwa kwisikolo yamaKatolika waza kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, leyo ngoku ibizwa ngegama zezenzululwazi enkulu. Ngokutsho afunda nabo kunye nootitshala, akazange abonise ukulangazelela kakhulu ukufunda yaye amanqaku aphezulu kuphela kwiziBalo kunye nesiLatini. Ngowe-1896, Einstein ukuzama yesibini wangena Polytechnic of Zurich kwi-Faculty of Education, ngenxa yokuba wayefuna ukusebenza ekugqibeleni njengomfundisi ye physics. Apho wachitha ixesha elininzi isifundo kwethiyori magnetic Maxwell kaThixo. Nangona ubuchule akambonanga Einstein kaThixo ebalaseleyo wayengasekho kunokwenzeka, ngexesha lokuthweswa, akukho namnye ootitshala wayengafuni ukumbona abe ngumncedisi wakhe. Isazinzulu Kamva kuqatshelwe ukuba kwi Zurich Polytechnic yena ibiza kuphazamisa kwaye wenza ukuba umlinganiswa ezimeleyo.

Ukuqala indlela waduma ehlabathini

Emva kokugqiba kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo Albert Eynshteyn ayikwazanga ukufumana umsebenzi yaye ndayeka. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha yena wabhala waza wapapasha incwadi yakhe yokuqala.

Ngowe-1902, i-nzulu enkulu elizayo baqalisa ukusebenza kwi-Ofisi Patent. 3 iminyaka kamva, wapapasha kwi ehamba magazini isiJamani "yeembali Physics" inqaku 3, leyo kamva waqonda kuzalwa revolution zenzululwazi. Kubo, abacombululele iindawo imigaqo ingcamango ka, ingcamango esisiseko quantum kuzo kamva kwavela i isivamvo, ithiyori Einstein, kwaye izimvo zakhe malunga nenkcazelo lwesibalo okukhe kwenziwa.

Uhlobo olululo izimvo Einstein ukuba

Onke amanqaku 3 sisazinzulu, eyapapashwa ngo-1905 kwi "yeembali Physics", saba isihloko oogxa ingxoxo eshushu. Iingcamango ukuba thaca kuluntu lwezenzululwazi, ngokuqinisekileyo kwakufanele ukuba Albertu Eynshteynu i Prize Nobel. Noko ke, abazange kwaoko kuye kwaqatshelwa ngezangqa zemfundo. Ukuba yinxalenye izazinzulu eziqhitsini kuxhaswa le nkosikazi, bafumana iqela elikhulu zesayensi abathi, njengoko experimenters, kufuneka ootitshala benze ingcaciso iziphumo izifundo enokwehla.

I Nobel Prize

Ngaphambi nje kokufa izixhobo abadumileyo magnate Alfred Nobel wabhala ukuthanda kwakhe, njengoko apho impahla yayo yadluliselwa Fund Special. Lo mbutho yaba ukuqhuba ukhetho lwabaviwa kwaye thaca minyaka amabhaso imali enkulu kwabo 'Wacebisana inzuzo enkulu kuluntu ", ngokwenza ukufunyanwa ebalulekileyo kwinkalo physics, chemistry, yaye amalungu okanye iyeza. Ukongeza, amabhaso zanikwa umdali imisebenzi ebalaseleyo iincwadi, kwakunye negalelo nokumanywa kweentlanga, ukuncitshiswa semkhosini kunye "nokukhuthazwa ngeenkongolo woxolo."

Xa intando yakhe, Nobel ingongoma eyahlukileyo wawufuna ukuba nokutyunjwa abaviwa abazange ziquka yohlanga lwabo, kuba abafuni umvuzo wakhe yayinepolitiki.

Ixesha lokuqala Nobel itheko yaqhutywa-1901. Kule minyaka ilishumi ezayo liye laba ngokuphumelela zesayensi obalaseleyo:

• UWilhelm Roentgen ;
• Hendrik Lorentz;
• Pieter Zeeman;
• Antuan Bekkerel;
• Per Kyuri;
• UMariya Kyuri;
• John Uilyam Strett;
• Philipp Lenard;
• Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson;
• Albert Abraham Michelson;
• Gabriel Lippmann;
• UGuglielmo Marconi;
• UKarl Braun.

Albert Einstein kunye Prize Nobel: ukwandiswa yokuqala

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala sisazinzulu enkulu ukhethwe eli bhaso ngo-1910. Yakhe "owayemele" waphumelela iBhaso Nobel chemistry Vilgelm Ostvald. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba iminyaka 9 phambi kwesi siganeko, le yokugqibela wala ukuba Einstein ukuba isebenze. Xa intshumayelo yakhe wagxininisa ukuba imfundiso ka kukho iimpikiswano nje yentanda kakhulu yenzululwazi kunye emzimbeni, kungekhona nabagxeki ayo baye bazama ukunikela Einstein. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, ngokuphindaphindiweyo Ostwald wasivuna lo mbono, ngokulityhala kwakhona iminyaka eliqela.

Le komiti Nobel Prize ukucekisile candidacy Einstein kaThixo, kunye amagama ukuba imfundiso ka ayihambelani ngqo kuyo nayiphi na kwezi. Ngokukodwa, kwaye kwaqatshelwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukulindela izibeka yokuqinisekisa yayo zovavanyo.

Enoba oko, ngowe-1910, umvuzo yawongwa Yanu Van der Waals imikhosi, kuba Ukuveliswa lenxaki yaseburhulumenteni isisi ulwelo.

Intuthuko kwiminyaka elandelayo

Kwiminyaka eli10 ezayo, Alberta Eynshteyna ibhaso Nobel utyunjwe phantse wonke unyaka ngaphandle kweminyaka 1911 no 1915. Kwangaxeshanye njalo umgangatho womsebenzi ukuba efanele ibhaso enjalo libonisa ithiyori ka. Yiyo le nto iye yakhokelela ekubeni into yokuba ababephila wayedla ngokuthandabuza, njengoko Prize Nobel yanikezelwa Einstein.

Ngelishwa, 3 amalungu 5 eKomiti Nobel zazivela Swedish Uppsala University, eyaziwa ngokuba isikolo elomeleleyo lwenzululwazi, apho abameli ziye zaba negalelo elikhulu ekuphuculeni lezixhobo kunye neendlela zovavanyo. Bona eyayenza kakhulu bempilo ehlambulukileyo. "Ulixhoba" wabo na omnye Einstein kuphela. I-Nobel Prize zange ezinikwe sesayensi obalaseleyo Anri Puankare, kunye maks iplanga andizamkelanga ngowe-1919, emva kokuba iingxoxo elide.

eclipse solar

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, uninzi zesayensi wawufuna eqinisekisa yolwazi ngobhalo kwezinto. Noko ke, ngalo mzuzwana oku akwenzeki. Sun banceda. Inyaniso kukuba ukuze uqinisekise ukuchaneka kwethiyori Einstein kaThixo kwakufuneka ukuqikelela ukuziphatha into esinobunzima enkulu. Ukulungiselela le njongo ilanga zivunywa. Kuye kwagqitywa ukufumana indawo iinkwenkwezi ngexesha ilanga, nto leyo ukuthatha indawo ngoNovemba 1919, uze uthelekise ngazo i "yesiqhelo". Iziphumo babemele ukungqinelana okanye ukuchasa oko ubukho spatio-temporal ubugqwetha, leyo Lukwabangelwa ngobhalo kwezinto.

Uhambo ahlelwa kumgaqo siqithi kwaye ekweleenjiko eBrazil. Imilinganiselo ukuba imizuzu 6 de komnyama zathatha, zaxilongwa yi Eddington. Ngenxa yoko, ithiyori Newton classical Kwakuba kuhambe egalelwe ayiphumelelanga wanika indlela eya Einstein.

ukuqaphela

1919 yaba lixesha obunje Einstein. Nkqu Lorentz, ngubani yayiyeyabantu izimvo zakhe ukungabi nathemba, waqonda ixabiso labo. Ngaxeshanye Niels Bohr kunye th 6 kwezinye izazinzulu, lowo unelungelo lokuba zityumbe oogxa ngenxa Nobel Prize, wathetha inkxaso Alberta Eynshteyna.

Noko ke, ngo kwezopolitiko wangenelela. Nangona kwacaca ukuba umtyunjwa ngaphezu - Einstein, ibhaso le-Nobel e Physics for 1920 yanikwa Sharlyu Eduardu Guillaume ukuba uphando mgceni e aluminiyamu nickel nensimbi.

Noko ke, imbambano waqhubeka, yaye kwakucaca ukuba uluntu ihlabathi liya abaqondi ukuba sisazinzulu ngasekhohlo ngaphandle ibhaso kakuhle yayibafanele.

I-Nobel Prize kunye Einstein

Ngowe-1921, inani izazinzulu owoyiswayo angenele le umdali ingcamango ka, ifikelele incopho yayo. Kuba Einstein vo abantu 14 ngokusesikweni unelungelo lokutyumba abagqatswa. Elinye lamalungu anempembelelo of the Royal Swedish Society Eddington kwileta yakhe kude kuye wayefana Newton waza wathi olungaphaya bexesha lakhe.

Nangona kunjalo, iKomiti Nobel ukuba wenze intetho ngomhla ixabiso imfundiso ka yomWongwa in Medicine for 1911 Alvar Gullstrand. Le Scientist, unjingalwazi zamehlo kwiYunivesithi Uppsala, kwaye kabukhali bagxeka Einstein kaThixo abangafundanga. Ngokukodwa, yena ngelithi ukuba ukugoba umqadi ukukhanya aziyi kuqwalaselwa uvavanyo lokwenyaniso theory Alberta Eynshteyna. Wabongoza kwakhona ukuba siqwalasele ubungqina imigqaliselo eyenziweyo ngokuphathelele komzila phephandaba. Ngaphezu koko, akukho abanomsindo ngokukodwa ngenxa yesibakala sokuba ubude uluhlu yokulinganisa kunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeka ukuba okanye hayi mkhanyo ezihambayo, kwaye isantya ngayo sikwenze.

Ngenxa yoko, Einstein ibhaso yeNobel ngo-1921, akwenziwanga kwaba imbasa, kwaye kwagqitywa ekubeni sokunikeza nabani.

1922

Gcina ubuso Committee Nobel wanceda zemvelo uKarl Vilgelm Oseen e University of Uppsala. Ke kwaphuma yokuba ayinamsebenzi, leyo Einstein wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel. Kulo mba, wacebisa ukuba kunikwa 'ukuba kokufunyanwa umthetho isivamvo. "

Oseen kwakhona amalungu ekomiti ukuba ngexesha lokuthweswa 22th yawongwa kuphela Einstein. I-Nobel Prize kunyaka owandulela lo we-1921 wanikwa hayi e lo ithuba lokuvuyela impumelelo oosonzululwazi ezimbini. Ophumelele yesibini Niels Bohr.

Einstein Nomchane ngokusesikweni i-Nobel Prize. intetho yakhe wathi kamva, yaye enikelwe kwithiyori kwezinto.

Ke kaloku, ukuba uyakwazi oko Einstein wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel. Ixesha lubonise ukubaluleka kwesayensi ISAZINZULU ukuya emhlabeni yesayensi. Nokuba Einstein ibhaso Nobel zange imbasa, yena wayeza uye phantsi encwadini yeembali yembali yehlabathi njengoko ndoda yalitshintsha imbonakaliso uluntu malunga isithuba kunye nexesha.