Metal iimpawu imichiza

Xa inzululwazi langoku uyazi i elinamanci amahlanu imichiza, uhlelwe ekwimo lwezakhi. Uninzi kubo wabhekisela isinyithi, nto leyo ithetha phambi kwezi zinto iimpawu ezikhethekileyo. Oku njalo kuxokwa-iipropati zalo. Ezi mpawu, ikakhulu plasticity ezinxulumene, ukwanda conductivity thermal kunye zombane, ukukwazi ukwenza aluminiyamu, libya ionization inani.

Iipropati ebuntsimbi of an element ngenxa ekukwazini atom xa kuthe nentsebenziswano kunye nemibutho atomic zezinye izinto kwicala kwabo bathabath 'amafu electron okanye "ukunika" kunye electron yabo yokuzikhethela. Insimbi kakhulu sikhuthele kweno ephantsi amandla ionization kunye electronegativity. Kwakhona sho iipropati ebuntsimbi iimpawu beengxenye ukuba radius enkulu atomic njenge nani lwangaphandle kunokwenzeka amancinci kakhulu (Valence) electron.

Njengoko Valence electron orbit yokuzalisa imali umaleko olungaphandle atomic ukunyuka isakhiwo, kwaye radius kunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo. Kule nkalo, i-atom baqale ukufuna uqhagamshelwano lwe electron ezamahala, kunokuba babuyele. iimpahla zesinyithi enjalo iziqalelo abe notyekelo ukunciphisa, kunye neempawu zazo ebuntsimbi - ukwandisa. Ngokuphikisayo, kunye ukwandisa radius atom kukho ukukhula iipropati yesinyithi. Ngoko ke, uphawu uphawu eziqhelekileyo zonke iintsimbi Ngabo babizwa ngokuba umgangatho yokwakha - ukukwazi atom enye ukunika electron free.

Oku kubonakala kakhulu ngokucacileyo iimpawu ebuntsimbi izakhi ubuncwane yokuqala, iqela sesibini subgroups ephambili lwezakhi, kwakunye kwealkali zesinyithi obrak umhlaba. Kodwa iimpawu okubuyisela kakhulu enamandla waphawula eFransi kwemvelo - lithium ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu amandla ukuxovwa.

Eli linani leziqalelo apho iipropati eqaqambileyo bubuhle kuvela ngaphakathi ukunyuka ixesha kunye nenombolo xesha. Xa lwezakhi isinyithi ukusuka nonmetals zingacalulani umgca oxwesileyo elisingise ukusuka boron ukuya astatine. Ngokuba lo ungumqobo zibekwe izinto zibonakale ngokulinganayo ezo kunye nezinye iimpawu. Ezi zinto ziquka lesilicon, iarseniki, boron, germanium, astatine, kwistibhiya kunye tellurium. Eli qela izinto ekuthiwa metalloids.

ixesha ngalinye iphawulwa uhlobo "ummandla umda" apho izinto zilungiswe kunye iipropati ezimbini. Ngoko ke, utshintsho ukusuka metal ukuya nonmetal eqhelekileyo iqapheleka kuthwalelwa phandle kancinane, nto leyo kubonakaliswe lwezakhi.

iimpawu ngokubanzi izinto yesinyithi (high Unikezelo lombane, conductivity thermal Ductility ayenechaphothi iimpawu, ductility, njalo njalo.) ngenxa yokufana yesakhiwo yangaphakathi, okanye ngaphezulu kanye - ubukho yikristale ngekroba. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezininzi i iipropati (Ukuxinana, lukhuni, ubushushu ukunyibilikisa), nto leyo kwisidima zonke iintsimbi kuphela iipropati physico-imichiza ngamnye. Ezi mpawu zixhomekeke kubume yikristale emkhusaneni isiqalelo ngasinye.