Iingcamango Modern ngemvelaphi yobomi. Ukuvela eziphilayo emhlabeni (ngokufutshane)

Xa sihlalutya yonke idatha ukuba sele ufumene sisazinzulu kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo, kucacile ukuba ubomi on Earth - emangalisayo Amazing mhaka. Amathuba livela ayinamsebenzi endaweni yonke. Onke amanqanaba imvelaphi yobomi eziqulethwe ithuba ngamanye ikhondo iziganeko, ngenxa apho ihlabathi ngebabehleli enzonzobileni abandayo yesiqalo ngaphandle uthsuphe wokuba ayikho into ingqondo yomntu, nkqu gciwane zincinane. Endalweni ukuchaza isiganeko emangalisayo enjalo nguThixo. Nangona kunjalo, ubukho bukaThixo abunakungqinwa okanye bungangqinwa, kunye neengcamango mihla ngemvelaphi yobomi, kwakunye nazo zonke inzululwazi xa iyonke, ngokususela kwidatha zovavanyo kunye nophuhliso yeengcingane, leyo abuze imibuzo okanye uqinisekise.

vitalism

ulwazi lwabantu siya-, ngandlel efanayo iingongoma eziphambili ezichazwe inkqubo Darwin. Ulwazi ezi Ukukhetha zendalo kunye ixoxo nexoxo liyazigxumela, leyo likwazile ukumelana ukumelana ekhawuntareni-ntetho okanye awulungelelanise, inokuzitshintsha ukuba batshatise. Yeengcinga ngemvelaphi yobomi nabo baye indlela elide ekubeni, kugqitywe leyo nkqu kubonisiwe, njengezibakala ezitsha imihla, kwanyanzeleka lungisa izimvo sele lusekiwe.

A sisiganeko esibalulekileyo kule ndlela yaba vitalism - imfundiso kwisizukulwana yezizwe nobomi obungapheliyo. Phantsi amalungiselelo alo, iimpuku kwavela amadlavu ubudala, iintshulube - le yokutyiwa uhageleyo ukutya. Vitalism yayinzima phezu imifuniselo yezenzululwazi de Lui Pastera ngo-1860, xa wayengqina ukungakwazi kwisizukulwana yezizwe eziphilayo. Iziphumo yabangela isiganeko ngamazwi, bomeleze inkolelo waphezulu ngokokuze izazinzulu ukukhangela ubungqina yokuba kutshanje, wawancamisa ekuhleni. Science lifuna ukucacisa ukuba imvelaphi elizimeleyo yobomi kwenzeka, kodwa ixesha elide kwaye inyathelo esiya ngenyathelo, ngokuthatha izigidi zeminyaka.

Yindibanisela carbon

Imeko yayibonakala ingathembisi de, kude kube ngo-1864 AM Butlerof ayenziwa ubhaqo ebalulekileyo. Wakwazi ukufumana izinto eziphilayo (carbon) of an kwiQela (kule experiment ke formaldehyde). I-lwazi ezithathwe kukho udonga encomekayo egungxulweyo delineates izinto wayesaphila kunye nehlabathi lomba efile. Emva kwexesha, oosonzululwazi baye bakwazi ukufumana ezinye iinguqulelo organic ezintweni ezingaphiliyo. Ukususela ngoko waqalisa ukwenza izimvo zale mihla ngemvelaphi yobomi. Baye sathatha biology nje kuphela, kodwa ngokuma yemvelo le data.

Imiphumo the Big Bang

Theory of ngemvelaphi yobomi zifikelela ixesha elikhulu: ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze kwakhiwe elizayo eziphilayo, iingcali zenzululwazi xa nisaqala ngemvelaphi womhlaba. physics Modern ubala ubukho yehlabathi evela Big Bang, xa phantse akubangakho nto yonke into. Obanda nokuzipholisa iphela athom kuqala kunye molekyuli, ngoko ke ziye ndawonye ukwenza isizukulwana lokuqala iinkwenkwezi. Baye baba yindawo ukubunjwa ezininzi izinto nesayensi namhlanje. atom omtsha oyokozela isithuba xa edubulayo inkwenkwezi kwaye uba isiseko izibonelelo elandelayo-sizukulwana, kuquka ilanga lethu. data zangoku zibonisa ukuba le yokuqala oganikhi khompawundi nako kubonakala efini protoplanetary ezingqonge iinkwenkwezi ezintsha. Kubo kungekudala kwasekwa kunye umhlaba. Kubonakala ukuba amanqanaba yokuqala yobomi on Earth kwenzeka ngaphambi nokubunjwa kwayo.

imijikelo autocatalytic

Iinkqubo abathatha indawo kwi emhlabeni Blue kwi "ebuntwaneni" yayo, zixhaswa izinto eziyinxalenye ezinzulwini zayo nokufika evela emajukujukwini nje awe esibhakabhakeni. Nantoni na awayefike sele imvelaphi yokuphila enye iziseko ibaluleke kakhulu ukuvela umcimbi lweziphili olwahlala Earth ibizwa ehlanganisa ekudibaneni kwemichiza, ivaleleke apha ngamaqhekeza ezi "Buzani kubawo". Baye kwakhokelela yokuba nendima lwande ukuyilwa kwezinto ezintsha kwi planethi baqalisa ukudlala iinkqubo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu.

Inqanaba elilandelayo - imijikelo autocatalytic. Kwiinkqubo ezinjalo ukuvelisa izinto zinceda ukuba ukuphucula izinga reaction, kwakunye zeendawana ehlaziyekayo - izinto abasebenzisana. Umjikelo ke ngoko epheleleyo: iinkqubo ngokwabo okukhawulezileyo ngokwabo 'ukutya ulungiselele ", okt izinto ukuba kwakhona basabela kwakhona catalyzing bona nokuphinda uyila zeendawana, njalo-njalo.

ngabaza

iingcamango Modern ngemvelaphi yobomi sele kudala eziqulathwe nixambulisana. isikhubekiso - inkukhu neqanda ingxaki. Yintoni eza kuqala: iiproteni ukuphumeza kuzo zonke iinkqubo esiseleni, okanye DNA, nto leyo ebonisa ubume iiproteni uzibambileyo lonke ulwazi yemfuza. I kubalulekile yokuqala umzimba njengoko kukhuthaza inkqubo self-uhlaziyo, ngaphandle apho ubomi akunakwenzeka. DNA iqulethe isakhiwo iseli kwezi rekhodi, kunye nokusebenza isigqibo. Izimvo izazinzulu uze uphendule umbuzo, andikwenzanga oko kude kube mzuzu xa Kwazeka oko ukuba nje yokugcina ulwazi yemfuza ukusuka ntsholongwane DNA kunye RNA, udidi wesithathu iikhompawundi organic, ezo yesitshixo sele inikezelwe kuphela indima zamabanga kwithiyori ngemvelaphi yobomi ubonakala.

RNA umhlaba

Ngcembe waqalisa ukuqokelela izibakala kunye 80s zenkulungwane lokugqibela, kukho ubungqina bokuba watshintsha iimbono malunga nisaqala ukubunjwa lomba ophilayo. Sibanjwa ribozymes, iimolekyuli RNA bako ubuchule protein, ingakumbi, ukuba catalyze indlela. Iifom yokuqala yobomi, ngaloo ndlela, ingaba kwenzeka ngaphandle inxaxheba iiprothini kunye DNA. Xa umsebenzi zazo zokuzigcina, ngokunjalo wonke umsebenzi wenziwe ngaphakathi RNA. Ubomi Emhlabeni ngoku eyenziwa yi protoorganisms emele umjikelo autocatalytic kuqulethe ribozymes self-ukulingisa. Ithiyori ubizwa ngokuba "RNA ihlabathi".

coacervates

Namhlanje kunzima ukuthelekelela ubomi xesha, ngenxa yokuba akazange abe phawu enye ebalulekileyo - iqokobhe okanye imida. Enyanisweni, yaba isisombululo equlathe umjikelo autocatalytic RNA. Ingxaki yokunqongophala imida, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuhamba ngendlela eyiyo iinkqubo isonjululwe ngcono iindlela. Protoorganisms wafumana indawo yokufihla izimbiwa kufutshane zeolite ukuba isakhiwo enemingxuma ngekroba. kumphezulu wazo wakwazi catalyze ukuyilwa ziziganeko ezininzi RNA ubanike loqwalaselo ethile.

Ngapha - ngakumbi, ukuvela kwi coacervates yeqonga okanye amanzi-lipid zamathontsana. Le yeengcinga imvelaphi yobomi njengoko kutshanje, kwaye ngoku ikakhulu ngokusekelwe kwithiyori AI Oparin, ababefunda iimpawu ngokuseka. Coacervates - esi sisombululo amathontsi ezivalekileyo kwiqokobhe amanqatha (lipids). Ezi imifinya luphawulwa permeability uyakhetha kwaye uyakwazi ukufeza ukutya. Abanye babo, kuyabonakala ukuba simanyene ngamakhamandela RNA self-ekhupha, kuquka abo catalyze ukuba Yindibanisela lipids ngokwabo. Ngoko ke, iintlobo ezintsha lobomi, baboyisa indlela ukusuka doorganizmennogo kwinqanaba ukuya eziphilayo eyiyo. Ukuba nokwenzeka izakhiwo ezinjalo sele ingqiniwe kutshanje: abaphandi ngokomfuniselo waqinisekisa isakhono RNA kunye nabo calcium iqhotyoshelwe inwebu lipid nokulawula permeability zabo.

abancedi ezinekhono

Imvelaphi nobomi kwinqanaba elilandelayo inkqubo yokuphucula imisebenzi eziphilayo kwakhiwa. RNA ufumene ukukwazi catalyze le Yindibanisela Iipholima acid acid, ekuqaleni ilula. Uvuthondaba ukubekela ezintsha yaba ubuchule nokulungelelanisa iiprothini. Imfundo livela izihlandlo eziliqela ukuze kujongwane ngendlela eyiyo kunye neenkqubo zebhayoloji ngaphezu ribozymes.

Ekuqaleni, lo ode peptide yokuqaphela. Inkqubo "hit okanye miss", eshiya ulawulo bekunjalo ukulandelana acid asidi ngemixokelelwane ezintsha. Ekuhambeni kwexesha wanamathela ikopi ngqo, ngenxa yokuba negalelo uzinzo olukhulu kwinkqubo yonke. Ngoko ke wazalwa ikhowudi yezofuzo, nto leyo evumela ukuba nokulungelelanisa iiproteni ezithile kunye nemisebenzi ezinqwenelekayo.

ukuphelela

Ufunde ukuba ubuchule nokulungelelanisa iiproteni ezinqwenelekayo kwenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe. Inyathelo lokuqala yaba ukuvela uhlobo olulodwa RNA, nto leyo ukuqhagamshela acid. Isigaba esilandelayo senkqubo yokwakha, sikhatshwe ukuyilwa iimolekyuli peptide ngokusebenzisa ezicwangciswe yalikhulu leziseko ukuze ethile. Ulandelelwano yasekwa kwi template RNA efanayo. Zibangelwa "imiyalelo 'amacandelo RNA kunye ziiprotein efundisayo elizayo ozibandakanye uhlobo olutsha lwe-RNA, ebizwa izithuthi. Njani kunye nolwazi, kwaye kule mini - yinxalenye ebalulekileyo peptide yokuqaphela.

DNA

Xaka ukwanda eziphilayo ngakumbi wahamba ngeendlela zokuphucula iindlela yokugcina ulwazi. Kukholelwa ukuba DNA ekuqaleni enye izigaba zomjikelo wobomi ngamathanga RNA. Lanikwa isakhiwo womelele ngakumbi. degree kwayo inkcazelo elingaphezulu kakhulu, ngoko emva kokuba abanye, kakhulu ixesha elide kwaba yogcino engundoqo ye DNA ikhowudi yezofuzo.

Enye iimpawu ukuyilwa omtsha, akazange avumele ukubeka DNA kulo intloko thiyori ngemvelaphi yobomi ixesha lakhe - kukungakwazi athathe amanyathelo. Kuye ube uhlobo intlawulo eziphambili izinto ezigcina iimpawu. I "Umsebenzi" lonke wahlala iiprothini kunye RNA.

ngokuncedisana

iingcamango Modern ngemvelaphi yobomi musa kungakhokelela ngukhokho ivaliwe, enqatyiswe angabikho ke wonke umzimba. Izazinzulu bayiqonda ngakumbi ngakwicala lusekeleke ukuba usaqala kukho ukufana zoluntu zeeseli ukuba enze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. ngokuncedisana olunjalo kulula ukufumana kwindalo namhlanje. Umzekelo elula a - cyano-bacteria amakhuko, ezo ngaxeshanye uluntu ezincinane kunye ophilayo kwiqumrhu enye.

Ukuvela eziphilayo emhlabeni biology kwi langoku inqanaba lophuhliso yayo, ubona inkqubo, iphawulwa bezabalazela kungekhona njengokhuphiswano, kodwa i ngakumbi ekuxhaseni ezahlukeneyo izakhiwo ezithile, ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela ukuvela eliphilayo, njengokuba nathi ngoku ababameleyo.

gabalala

Ukushwankathela, sinako ngokufutshane sibala zonke izigaba ukuyilwa yobomi, kwisikhokelo beengcamango mihla, inguqulelo kakhulu anokubakho ukuvela kunye nophuhliso eziphilayo on Earth:

1. Ukwenziwa oganikhi khompawundi eziziiprayimari ngamafu protoplanetary.

2. Kule ndlela yokungenisa kancinane kwi-phambili reactions kunye ukukwazi self-ukukhawulezisa, kunye imijikelo autocatalytic.

3. Ukuvela yemijikelo autocatalytic RNA.

4. Union RNA kunye nemisipha lipid.

5. Ukufunyanwa kwe RNA ukuba nokulungelelanisa protein.

6. Ekuqaliseni ubungxowa-DNA kunye nokwamkelwa kwayo yogcino engundoqo ulwazi.

7. Formation of the eziphilayo zokuqala olunye-ezineseli ngokusebenzisa ngokuncedisana.

Ukuqonda neenkqubo ezakhokelela ukuvela wobomi, singafezekanga. Izazinzulu imibuzo emininzi. Akwaziwa kwavela indlela RNA, izigaba ezininzi esiPhakathi theoretical component kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, amalinge ezintsha, iinyaniso kunye nantoni na awayefike sele bavavanywa zibekwe yonke imihla. Sitsho ngengqiniseko ukuba ubudala wethu usinike ihlabathi ezifunyaniswe okuninzi enxulumene lolawulo kokubhalwa kwembali.