Ityuwa khloreyithi

Yintoni Ipotaziyam khloreyithi?

I-potassium ityiwa chloric acid (enye asidi ezine ioksijini aqulethe ezenziwa chlorine: hypochlorous - HClO, chlorous - HClO2, chloric - HClO3 kunye perchloric - HClO4) ezibizwa potassium khloreyithi, ifomula - KClO3. Le ityuwa imbonakalo imele ziikristale (ezingenambala), nto leyo zaneleyo enyibilikayo emanzini (kwi-20 ° C 100 cm3 yamanzi iyachithakala 7.3 kuphela g yetyuwa), kodwa ukwandisa lobushushu kuyanda ukunyibilika. Elinye igama lakhe edume - bertoletova ityuwa. Le into Ubunzima molekyuli ngu 122,55 amu, mninzi - 2,32 g / cm3. Ityuwa linyibilike kwi-356 ° C, ibola malunga 400 ° C.

Ukuvulwa Ipotaziyam khloreyithi

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala (ngo-1786) le potassium khloreyithi yaba yemichiza yaseFransi Klod Bertolle. It iphuthe chloro nge sisombululo kanzulu hayidroksayidi eshushu potassium. Reaction equation, nge apho ityuwa limi ngolu hlobo: 3Cl2 + 6KOH → 5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O. Ngenxa yale ukusabela potassium khloreyithi ngokwemvula njenge eqinileyo emhlophe. Ekubeni ayiqondakali enyibilikayo emanzini abandayo, oko ngokulula ohlulwe kwabanye iityuwa kwi isisombululo lupholisiwe. Ekubeni Umqala wamantla ayo bertoletova netyuwa, litshile lonke imveliso eziqheleke kakhulu luncedo lonke chlorate. Okwangoku KClO3 yavelisa ngendlela engazange mveliso.

iipropati chemical

ityuwa khloreyithi - a oxidizer olomeleleyo. Ngokuhlanganisa kunye kanzulu zehydrochloric acid (HCl) abelwe chlorine free. Le nkqubo ocaciswe equation yemichiza reaction: 6HCl + KClO3 → 3Cl ↑ + KCl + 3 H2O. Njengabo bonke neekhloreyithi, le nto ityhefu kakhulu. Xa uhlobo otyhidiweyo KClO3 baxhasa komlilo. Lo mxube lula into oxidizable (ukunciphisa agents) ezifana isalfure, phosphorus, iswekile kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo edubulayo khloreyithi potassium ngu ifuthe okanye kunobunye. Le ubuntununtunu ezi ziphumo kunyuswa phambi neetyuwa kunye bromates. Phantsi mnene (ukufudumeza 60 ° C) igcwala potassium khloreyithi yalungiselelwa ukusuka oxalic acid yeKhlorini dioxide, wabe inkqubo ngokutsho equation reaction: 2KClO3 + H2C2O4 → K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O + 2ClO2. Chlorine monoxide ifumana isicelo sokukhanyisa kunye kokuvala izinto ezahlukeneyo (iphepha yintlama umgubo njalo njalo), kunye nazo zingasetyenziswa obesfenolivaniya amdaka kwiiplanti zeekhemikali.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe Ipotaziyam khloreyithi

Kuzo zonke ityuwa bertoletova khloreyithi yeyona ngokubanzi. Oku kusetyenziswa ekwenziweni iidayi, imidlalo (ukwenza umdlalo intloko izinto ezinokutsha, izinto ekrwada utyebile potassium khloreyithi TU 6-18-24-84), kweenkantsi, zintsholongwane, chlorine dioxide. Ngenxa ingozi ephezulu ezaqanjwa ne potassium khloreyithi, azikho ngokubonakalayo ezisetyenziswayo xa kwenziwa imveliso neziqhushumbisi ngeenjongo zoshishino kunye nomkhosi. kunqabile kakhulu potassium khloreyithi lisetyenziswa eziqalisa Uyadubula. Maxa wambi kusetyenziswa umdlalo ukuvelisa kokwakheka tsvetnoplamennye. Ngaphambili ityuwa kusetyenziswa amayeza: izisombululo ezibuthathaka weli (KClO3) ixesha elithile sele isetyenziswa magciwane ukuba gargling mlonyeni. Salt kule nkulungwane yama-20, iye yasetyenziswa ukufumana umoya phantsi kweemeko elebhu, kodwa ke ngenxa yokuba ingozi yemifuniselo zaye ziyakupheliswa.

Ukulungiswa Ipotaziyam khloreyithi

Enye yezi ndlela zilandelayo: yi chlorination potassium hayidroksayidi ngenxa indlela abelane nabanye iityuwa of neekhloreyithi, igcwala electrochemical xa izisombululo zolwelo of kloride ngentsimbi - bertoletova ityuwa zingafumaneka. Ukulungiswa isikali mboni ngokufuthi owawusenziwa hayiphoklorayithi disproportionation reaction (iityuwa acid hypochlorous). iinkqubo zobugcisa kusingathwa ngokwahlukileyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi isekelwe phezu basabela phakathi calcium chloride kunye potassium khloreyithi: Ca (ClO3) 2 + 2KCl → 2KClO3 + CaCl2. Ke bertoletova ityuwa wabumba utywala lonina crystallization eyabelwe. Kwakhona khloreyithi potassium Yalungiselelwa indlela modified Berthollet le electrolysis of potassium chloride: eziveliswa electrolysis ke waphendula kunye chloro potassium hayidroksayidi, onesiphumo KClO potassium hayiphoklorayithi kulandele disproportionation potassium khloreyithi KClO3 kunye umthombo potassium chloride KCl.

Le yokubola Ipotaziyam khloreyithi

Xa amaqondo obushushu malunga 400 ° C yokubola Ipotaziyam khloreyithi. Ngenxa yoko, ioksijini kunye potassium perchlorate: 4KClO3 → KCl + 3KClO4. Inqanaba elilandelayo yokubola kusenzeka lobushushu 550 ukuya 620 ° C: KClO4 → 2O2 ↑ + KCl. On ehlanganisa (ukuze babe oxide zezobhedu Čuo, i oxide yentsimbi (III) Fe2O3 oxide okanye manganese (IV) MnO2) yokubola kwenzeka obushushu asezantsi (150 ukuya 300 ° C), kwaye inyathelo elinye: 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2.

amanyathelo okhuseleko

Bertoletova netyuwa edubulayo yemichiza ezingazinzanga enokudubula, kunye ibangele, nokugcinwa (umz, kufutshane reductants kwi kwithala efanayo elebhu okanye igumbi lokugcina) Ukuwusila umbona okanye eminye imisebenzi. I-dubulo zingenzeka ukwenzakala okanye ukufa ukuyilandela. Ngoko, kwi imveliso, ukusetyenziswa, ukugcinwa okanye uthutho potassium khloreyithi kufuneka kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno Amaziko Federal Umthetho 116. ukuba amalungiselelo ezi nkqubo zinxulumene ezinobungozi izakhiwo mveliso.