Konke lokuvula Mendeleev

Isazinzulu Russian Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) kungcono eyaziwa umthetho wakhe ngamaxesha of imichiza, itafile kuye kwakhiwa ngokusekelwe koko bayalazi ukuba umntu ngamnye nangoku esikolweni. Kodwa enyanisweni,-nzulu enkulu wayenomdla ezahlukeneyo kwimimandla yolwazi. Mendeleyev Discovery ezinxulumene chemistry, physics, semetroloji, ezoqoqosho, yokuma, imfundo, Aeronautics and t. D.

umthetho ezithile

Umthetho Periodic - enye imithetho ebalulekileyo yendalo. Ihlala into yokuba iimpawu imichiza baxhomekeke ubunzima lwabo atomic. Mendeleev wafumanisa umthetho ngamaxesha ngo-1869. Ephelele revolution yenzululwazi lwasekwa ekhemisi kwangoko.

Abaphandi Russian ziye ecetywayo inkqubo yomthetho-olulawulwa, apho oko kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuqikelela ezingaziwayo ukuba imichiza kunye nempahla yabo. Emva nokuvulwa kungekudala (it is a kaLayishe waseGalim, germanium kunye scandium), izazinzulu evela ehlabathini jikelele baqala ukuqonda ukuba ezibalulekileyo ezinikelwa ngumthetho wolawulo ngamaxesha athile.

into eyaba Mendeleev avukele ngexesha apho isayensi ahlanganiswe iinyaniso ezintsha asasazwa kwihlabathi elisingqongileyo. Ngenxa yoko, umthetho ngamaxesha waza wakha phezu ngenxa kwetafile yakhe ngamaxesha lweziqalelo zijongene neengxaki ezinzulu. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1890. Kwafunyaniswa irhasi amanene kwaye isenzeko of yemisebe. Ukumela imfundiso yakhe Mendeleev waqhubeka ukuphucula itafile, correlating kuyo zonke izibakala zenzululwazi omtsha. Ngowe-1900, i-yemichiza wabeka argon, helium kunye analogue zabo iqela elahlukileyo zero. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uhlobo ezibalulekileyo ezinikelwa ngumthetho wolawulo ngamaxesha lwaya ngakumbi athile, yaye namhlanje igqalwa lwezona mkhulu kwimbali nenzululwazi yezobugqi.

uphando silicate

Umthetho Periodic - yephepha ebaluleke kakhulu kwimbali inzululwazi, kodwa kwafunyanwa Mendeleev chemistry belingelilo isiphelo. Ngowe-1854 wafunda orthite Finnish kunye pyroxene. Kwakhona enye Imijikelo imisebenzi Mendeleyev eyayinikelwe imichiza silicates. Ngo ngo1856, ISAZINZULU epapashwe ithisisi "umqulu ezithile" (njengoko ivavanyiwe ubudlelwane phakathi ubungakanani kweziyobisi kunye neempawu zayo). Kwisahluko kwi iikhompawundi dust nguDmitry Ivanovich wawuchaza kabanzi uhlobo silicates. Ngaphezu koko, baqala baxelela ukuba utoliko oluchanekileyo isenzeko karhulumente yiglasi.

igesi

ukufunyanwa yokuqala Mendeleev ahlanganiswa kunye nenye iikhemikhali kunye emzimbeni ngexesha elinye umxholo - isifundo zegesi. Isazinzulu benza oko, wendele ekufuneni ngoonobangela umthetho periodicity. Kwinkulungwane XIX kummandla zesayensi ithiyori aziintloko "kaEtere ihlabathi" - zonke-okuyo leyonto ngomatshini ubushushu, ukukhanya, nokundileka.

Xa befunda le hypothesis, umphandi Russian weza ezinye izigqibo ezibalulekileyo. Ngaloo mbobo physics ngamaxesha athile, indlela engundoqo apho kubizwa ngokuba ezifanelekileyo equation igesi imbonakalo kunye rhoqo igesi yendalo iphela. Ukongeza, Dmitri Ivanovich wakhe isikali lobushushu thermodynamic yaphakanyiswa.

Total Mendeleev epapashwe 54 imisebenzi enikelwe igesi kunye ulwelo. Eyona idumileyo yaba "ihlabathi Amava kaEtere iingqiqo yamachiza" kulo mjikelo (1904) kunye "Uzamo ukuqonda aether ihlabathi yemichiza" (1905). Xa umsebenzi wabo, izazinzulu baye basebenzisa virialnye intshumayelo ngokwenjenjalo wazibeka iziseko quadratic mihla ngenxa neegesi ngokwenene.

izisombululo

Dmitri Mendeleev wayenomdla izisombululo ngalo lonke ixesha esasebenza zenzululwazi. Umphandi kule topic zange ashiye ingcamango epheleleyo, kodwa kungaphelelanga ukuya theses ezimbalwa esisiseko. Ingongoma ibalulekileyo malunga izisombululo kwakhe ingqalelo ubudlelwane babo imichiza, i-chemistry le lwesilinganiso imichiza ngo izisombululo.

Zonke Mendeleev lokuvula wabavavanya nge nokuhlola. Abanye babo abachaphazelekayo lokubila izisombululo. Ngokusebenzisa imisonto cazululo lweziphumo Mendeleev kunyaka 1860, weyiseka ukuba, edlula phantsi reflux umphunga, ulwelo ulahlekelwa ubushushu vaporization kunye umphezulu ukuqina ezantsi ukuya kwiqanda. Kwakhona, izazinzulu Dmitri Ivanovich kwezisombululo nempembelelo ukuyilwa kwithiyori kwezisombululo electrolyte.

Mendeleev sigxeke esavela ngexesha lakhe malunga ngobhalo dissociation electrolytic. Ngaphandle bekhanyela kwaloo mbono, ISAZINZULU walatha imfuneko uhlaziyo layo, iye apho ezinxulumene ngqo nomsebenzi wakhe phezu izisombululo imichiza.

Igalelo Aeronautics

Dmitri Mendeleev, ezifunyaniswe neempumelelo egubungela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ulwazi lwabantu, nomdla nje kuphela zifundo yeengcingane, kodwa inventions nazo isicelo. Le ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX yabalasela wanda umdla Aeronautics lutsha. Kakade ke, umphengululi Russian akwazi ukunceda, kodwa ingqalelo umlinganiswa elizayo. Ngowe-1875 wadala stratospheric wakhe projekthi kowabo. Ngethiyori, isixhobo nako nokuba enyuka umphantsi nomphezulu esesibhakabhakeni. Ukuziqhelisa, ukubhabha yokuqala yabanjwa kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kuphela kamva.

Enye qambo Mendeleev wayesebenza phezu iinjini ibhaluni. Aeronautics izazinzulu abanomdla, okungenani hayi ngokunxulumene omnye umsebenzi wakhe ezinxulumene meteorology kunye neegesi. Ngowe-1887, Mendeleev wenza uvavanyo moya ngebhaluni yomoya. Ibhaluni ikwazile wagubungela kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-100 kwintaba ephakame phantse-4 km. Ngexesha wemithi yeflaythi yena ufumene aerostatic imbasa yegolide French Academy of Meteorology. Xa ngodaba yakhe kwinkcaso lwemiba nokusingqongileyo, Mendeleev wanikezela loLwamkelo omnye amacandelo apho kuchazwe ngokweenkcukacha izimvo zakhe ngalo mba. umdla Scientific zokwakhiwa ngenqwelomoya nguvulindlela Alexander Mozhaiskogo.

Uphuhliso North kunye imikhumbi

into eyaba Applied Mendeleev kaThixo, uluhlu apho kuqhubeka njengoko hlobo kwicandelo imikhumbi, enziwe ngokubambisana kunye zobuntlola zophando eendawo. Ngoko ke, Dmitri Ivanovich yaphakanyiswa ingcamango yokuba itanki ethwele - kwincoko yababini zovavanyo ezifunekayo izifundo iimodeli inqanawa zombane mechanical. Xa ukuphunyezwa izimvo le Isazinzulu wanceda Admiral Stepan Makarov. Kwelinye icala, echibini ezifunekayo ngeenjongo zorhwebo kunye nomkhosi-technical, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, kuye kwaba luncedo kwinzululwazi. Ukulinga iseti-yaqaliswa ngo-1894.

Ukongeza, Mendeleev wakha proto yokuqala icebreaker. Le Isazinzulu kwahlanganiswa uthumo wakhetha iprojekthi yokubonelela lwasesidlangalaleni yokuqala ehlabathini yenqanawa enjalo. Baba icebreaker "Ermak" eyasekwa ngo-1898. Mendeleev wayenza kuphando amanzi olwandle (kubandakanywa mninzi wayo). Izinto ukuba isifundo kuyo inika ziyafana zonke, Admiral Makarov, ngubani waba ukhenketho ihlabathi i "Vityaz". ukufunyanwa Mendeleev kaThixo geography, umbandela wengxoxo eloyisile North, awabasondezayo ukuba izazinzulu ngemisebenzi ezingaphezu kwama-36 ashicilelwe.

yeZiko

Ukongezelela nezinye izifundo zesayensi, Mendeleev abanomdla semetroloji - inzululwazi indlela kunye neendlela yokulinganisa. Izazinzulu lisebenze ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha wokuhlaziya. Ngenxa wemithi, yena wayebalaselisa indlela yomlinganiselo chemical. ukuvumbulula Mendeleev kaThixo, uluhlu leyo kwakhona ngonyaka ngamnye, hayi kuphela yenzululwazi, kodwa ngokoqobo - ngo-1893, Dmitri Ivanovich wavula Main Chamber of nobuNzima naseRashiya. Kwakhona owavela uyilo kunye detent zakhe kang yayo.

pyrocollodion

Ngowe-1890, nguDmitry Mendeleyev bahamba uhambo olude phesheya, injongo leyo simazi kakuhle iilebhu angaphandle kuphuhliso iziqhushumbisi. Le Isazinzulu wathabatha lo mbandela kunye yokufayilisha karhulumente. I-Admiralty wacelwa ukuba negalelo kuphuhliso wompu loshishino Russian. Umqalisi yohambo Mendeleev waba Vice-Admiral UNikolai Chikhachev.

Mendeleev wayekholelwa ukuba porohodelii zasekhaya ifuneka ukuphuhlisa kwicala lezoqoqosho kunye nezorhwebo. Kwakhona baphikelela zisetyenziswe ekwenziweni kwezinto kuphela Russian ekrwada. Isiphumo engundoqo umsebenzi Dmitri Mendeleev kule ndawo yaba uphuhliso kuzo ngo-1892, lo pyrocollodion entsha, eziphawulekayo ukuze msi yayo. iingcali Military badumisa nomgangatho iziqhushumbisi. Le pyrocollodion peculiarity yaba nokubunjwa kwayo, esiquka ukunyibilika uvaleke of nitrocellulose. Ukulungiselela ukuveliswa ngumgubo entsha, Mendeleev wayefuna ukunika wona flatulence ngcono. Ukuze benze oku, ekwenziweni neziqhushumbisi wezenzi ezongezelelweyo, kubandakanywa zonke iintlobo kwezithako zasetyenziswa.

umnotho

Xa uqala kuqala, kwafunyanwa Mendeleev eziphilayo okanye semetroloji sinxulumana umfanekiso wawo yemichiza odumileyo. Noko ke, nokuba kude ngakumbi ukusuka sisazinzulu uphando inzululwazi nikela kuqoqosho. Baya nguDmitry Ivanovich sijonga ngokweenkcukacha imiyalelo uphuhliso loqoqosho kweli lizwe. Emva ngo-1867, waba umbutho zazingenela koosomashishini - uMbutho wokuKhuthazwa Russian Industry noRhwebo.

Mendeleev wabona elizayo koqoqosho kuphuhliso amanyeneyo ezizimeleyo kunye noluntu. Le nkqubela ithetha iinguqulelo ezithile. Ngokomzekelo, izazinzulu ukucebisa ukwenza uluntu nje ezolimo, kodwa umsebenzi mveliso bexakekile ngexesha ebusika, xa amasimi engenanto. NguDmitry Ivanovich akuchasa resales zonke iintlobo intelekelelo. Ngowe-1891, yena inxaxheba kuphuhliso olutsha Customs yoLuhlu.

Into yokuZenzekelayo, inguqu

Mendeleyev, ogama ezifunyaniswe entsimini zemichiza akusibekele impumelelo yakhe, kwicala lezingluntu, zonke izifundo zabo zoqoqosho siqhutywa ngenjongo practical ngokupheleleyo lokunceda Russia. Kule nkalo, i-nzulu yaba protectionist engaguqukiyo (oko, umzekelo, lubonakala imisebenzi yakhe kwishishini porohodeliya iileta zakhe ku Tsar Nicholas II).

Mendeleev wafunda ezoqoqosho ziqhogene ngobuhlanga. ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe ekomnye yemisebenzi yakhe wabonisa ukuba 2050, labemi Russia ngayo abantu abazizigidi ezingama-800. Sase- le sisazinzulu waba yigadi emva kokuba iimfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi nemfazwe yamakhaya, ingcinezelo kunye nezinye iintlekele liwubethileyo loo lizwe kwinkulungwane XX.

refutation nemimoya

Kwisiqingatha sesibini XIX kwinkulungwane Russia, njengabanye kwehlabathi, itshayelwe i fashion nobugqi. Esoteric azithandayo abameli amaGrike akumgangatho ophezulu, bohemian kunye nabahlali eziqhelekileyo nasezidolophini. Ngelo xesha, kwafunyanwa Mendeleev chemistry, uluhlu leyo ibandakanya uluhlu amanqaku, azaba umzabalazo yakhe elide kunye nemimoya ngoko ethandwayo.

iindlela Scientific obala kwabaneshologu kunye noogxa evela Russian Physical Society. Esebenzisa uthotho umfuniselo manometer kunye iphiramidi iitafile, kwakunye nezinye izixhobo hypnotists Mendeleyev wagqiba ukuba nemimoya kunye ezifanayo izenzo - iinkolelo kuphela, apho ingeniso evela bamazwe kunye itshivela.