Umlinganiso wamachiza uyisiseko seempendulo ze-chemical reaction

Ngokutsho kwesinye sezigaba ezisetyenziselwa ukuchaza iinkqubo zeekhemikhali, kukho iintlobo ezimbini zeempendulo ezichasene nazo - ezibuyisiwe kwaye I ngavumelekanga. Ukuphendulela okubuyisiwe akufikelele ekupheleni, Akukho nanye kwezi zinto ezifakile kuyo, ayichithwanga ngokupheleleyo kwaye ayitshintshi ixinaniso. Inkqubo enjalo iphetha ngokusekwa kwe-balance okanye i-chemical equilibrium, echazwa ngu-⇌. Kodwa ukuphendula okuthe ngqo nokuchaseneyo kuyaqhubeka kwaye, ngaphandle kokuyeka, ngoko ke ibhalansi ibizwa ngokuba yinyani okanye iselula. Ukuqala kokulingana kwamakhemikhali kubonisa ukuba ukuphendula ngokuthe ngqo kwenzeka kwijubane elifanayo (V1) njenge-inverse (V2), V1 = V2. Ukuba uxinzelelo kunye nokushisa akutshintshi, ngoko umlinganiso kule nkqubo unokuhlala ngonaphakade.

I-Quantitatively, i-equilibrium yamakhemikhali ichazwa ngokuqhubekayo kokulinganayo, okulinganayo nomlinganiselo wee-constantes zomgca ochanekileyo (K1) kunye nokuphendulwa kwe-K2). Unokubala ngokusebenzisa ifomu: K = K1 / K2. Isikhathi sokulingana siya kuxhomekeka ekubunjweni kwama-reactants kunye nobushushu.
I-bias equilibrium iyenzeka ngokulandela umgaqo weLe Chatelier, othi: "Ukuba inkqubo elinganayo ibangelwa yimibandela yangaphandle, ngoko ukulingana kuya kuphazamiseka kwaye kutshintshelwe kwicala elingaphambene neenguqu ezinikeziweyo."

Cinga Ukulingana kweMichiza kunye neemeko zokufuduka kwayo ngomzekelo wokubunjwa kwemolekyuli ye-ammonia: N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3 + Q.

Ukuqwalasela ukulingana kwale mpendulo, sisazisa:

1. Ukuphendula ngokuthe ngqo yindlela yokuphendula, kuba Kwezizinto ezilula ezi-2, i-complex complex (i-ammonia) yenziwa, kwaye i-reverse iyonakalisa;

2. Ukuphendula ngokuthe ngqo kuqhubeka nokwenziwa kobushushu, ngoko ke kuphazamiseka, ngoko ke, ukuphazamiseka kukugqithiseleyo kwaye kuqhutywe ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu.

Ngoku siqwalasela lo mlinganiso phantsi kweemeko zokuguqulwa kweeramitha ezithile:

1. Sitshintshe kwi ngxinano. Ukuba sikhula ukuxinwa kwezinto zokuqala - i-nitrogeni kunye ne-hydrogen - kwaye sinciphise inani le-ammonia, ngoko umlinganiso uya kutshintshela ilungelo lokuba ne-NH3. Ukuba ufuna ukuyihambisa ngakwesobunxele, ukwandisa uxinzelelo lwe-ammonia.

2. Ukwanda kweqondo lokushisa kuya kutshintshisa ukulingana kwindlela yokuphendula ngayo, apho ubushushu bufakwe khona, kwaye xa buhlahla, lukhutshwa. Ngoko ke, ukuba izinga lokushisa linyuka kwi-synthesis ye-ammonia, ngoko ukulingana kushintshela kwimveliso yokuqala, i-e. Ngesobunxele, kunye nokuhla kweqondo lokushisa-ngakwesokudla, ukuya kwimveliso yokusabela.

3. Ukuba ukwandisa uxinzelelo, ngoko ulinganiso luya kutsho, apho ubuninzi bezinto ezinobuncipheko buncinci, kwaye xa uxinzelelo luyancipha - kwicala apho inani lamagesi landa. Xa i-NH3 ihlanganiswa ukusuka kwiimitha ezingama-4 ze-N2 kunye ne-3H2, i-NH3 ifunyanwa. Ngoko ke, ukuba uxinzelelo lwandisiwe, ukulingana kuya kutshintshela ngakwesokudla, kwenzelwe iNH3. Ukuba uxinzelelo luyancishiswa, umlinganiso ushintshela kwimveliso yokuqala.

Siphetha ukuba ukulingana kwamachiza kunokuphazamiseka xa kunyuka okanye kuncipha:

1. Ukushisa;

2. Uxinzelelo;

3. Ukugxila kwezinto.

Xa i-catalyst isungulwa kuyo nayiphi na impendulo, ibhalansi ayitshintshi, i. Ukulingana kwamakhemikhali akuphazamiseki.