Intlawulo Proton - ixabiso lesiseko iyevakala yamasuntswana physics

Ukuba uqhelene ne isakhiwo-atom, mhlawumbi uyazi ukuba i-atom nawuphi element iquka iintlobo ezintathu amasuntswana nezakhiwo: protons, elektroni, neutron. Protons idibene neutron ukuba kuba ngumongo ye element wemichiza. Ekubeni isigxina Proton yi-HIV, elakha isoloko ngokuqinisekileyo ityala. Intlawulo yombane ye ngumongo atom labuyisela ilifu ezikufutshane amanye amasuntswana nezakhiwo. Electron kakubi ebizwayo - oku candelo athom nelizinzisa isigxina a Proton. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela electron ezininzi zingqonge ngumongo, loo nto isenokuba mhlawumbi ngombane cala (kwimeko elilinganayo inani protons kunye elektroni kwi-atom), okanye abe ityala entle okanye embi (kwimeko yokunqongophala okanye elektroni kwemfuneko, ngokulandelelana). isiqalelo atom kukuzalela intlawulo ethile, ebizwa ion.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba inani protons zigqitywa kwiipropati lweziqalelo kunye nesikhundla zabo lwezakhi ngayo. D. I. Mendeleeva. Equlethwe neutron isiqalo akukho ntlawulo. Ngenxa yokuba le ubunzima neutron kunye Proton zingqamene kwaye phantse ngokulinganayo omnye komnye, kwaye ubunzima electron ayinamsebenzi kuthelekiswa kubo (kumaxesha 1836 ngaphantsi kwe ubunzima Proton), inani neutron yaseburhulumenteni yayo indima ebaluleke kakhulu, oko kukuthi, ligqiba ukuzinza nkqubo kunye nezinga le kuwohloka radioactive nuclei. Umxholo neutron kuxhomekeke Isotope (iintlobo) of the element.

Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa ukungafani kwiinginginya ityala amasuntswana, protons, kunye electron isigxina ezahlukeneyo ezithile (eli xabiso ixhomekeke lulwahlulo amasuntswana eziziziqalelo kwentlawulo ubunzima wayo). Ngenxa yoko, umyinge yoyalo Proton yi 9.578756 (27) x 107 C / kg nxamnye -1.758820088 (39) kwi × 1011 electron. Ngenxa amaxabiso intlawulo ethile aphezulu protons free ayisekho sinokunyangeka eendaba lulwelo: banikela ukuxovwa.

Ubunzima Isigxina Proton - wukulu ethile, leyo bakwazi ukumisela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela. Ngubani na izazinzulu nenjenjalo - enye mkhulu - ukuvulwa zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini? Emva ngo-1913, uRutherford, ezisekelwe into yokuba izihlwele zonke izinto ezaziwayo yemichiza mkhulu ubunzima hydrogen atom ukuba inani elipheleleyo amaxesha, wacebisa ukuba ngumongo atom hydrogen zibandakanyiwe kwinucleus i-atom nawuphi element. Thile emva uRutherford wenza uphando wafunda apho intsebenziswano kunye nitrogen nuclei amasuntswana alpha. Ngenxa olu lingelo ukusuka ngumongo i-atom Yaphaphazela yeza yamasuntswana leyo uRutherford ngokuba "Proton" (ukusuka elithi "protos" Greek - wokuqala) kwaye bacebisa ukuba ngumongo atom hydrogen. Ingqikelelo singqiniwe ngokomfuniselo kwi impinda mava zenzululwazi egumbini efini.

URutherford hypothesis ofanayo ubukho kwisuntswana kwi ngumongo atom yenziwa ngo-1920, nto leyo ilingana ubunzima Proton, kodwa uthwala akukho kagesi. Noko ke, akuzange kube lula ukubona le isuntswana ku uRutherford. Kodwa ngowe-1932, umfundi wakhe Chadwick ngokomfuniselo yaba ubukho neutron kwi ngumongo - amasuntswana njengoko kuxelwe ngenx Rutherford, malunga lingana mass Proton. Ukubona kwakunzima neutron ngenxa yokuba kungekho isigxina zombane kunye, ngokufanelekileyo, akayi kungena intsebenziswano kunye nabanye nuclei. Ukunqongophala kwentlawulo luchazwa iimpawu neutron njenge amandla luchukumisa phezulu kakhulu.

Protons kunye neutron bakhonkxiwe kwi ngumongo atom ngamandla kakhulu kunene. Ngoku zemvelo idibane kuluvo lokuba ezi amasuntswana ezimbini ezisisiseko enyukliya efana kakhulu omnye komnye. Ngoko ke, ukuba baye ngasemva efanayo, nemikhosi nuclear benza kuwo ngokupheleleyo ngokulinganayo. Umahluko kuphela - isigxina ezakhayo Proton, neutron efanayo ngaphandle kwentlawulo. Kodwa njengoko kagesi kwintsebenziswano enyukliya akukho ntsingiselo, oko kungathathwa nje uhlobo lomsebenzi Proton. Ukuba, ke, ngokugqithisileyo isigxina Proton yombane, uza kuphulukana kwabanye.