Inzululwazi yesimanje yamthetho Isayensi yomthetho kunye nemfundo esemthethweni

Imithetho (okanye yomthetho) isayensi ifunda inkqubo yezomthetho kwimeko. Inxalenye yenkqubo yoqeqesho lwabameli kunye nabanye abantu abanomsebenzi onxulumene nenkundla.

Ukubaluleka komthetho

Namhlanje, isayensi yezomthetho yanamhlanje yenye yezona zibalulekileyo zifundo zoluntu. Oku kubangelwa kukuba kwinkulungwane ye-XX, ukunqoba komthetho kwasungulwa kuwo wonke umhlaba. Zonke izenzo ezibalulekileyo zentlalo zilawulwa ngandlela-thile ngeendlela ezisemthethweni. Kuyinto yesayensi yomthetho ewahlola. Ulwazi olunxulumene nalo luneenjongo ezijoliswe ngqo. Ngaphandle kwamagqwetha kunye namagqwetha, akunakwenzeka ukubonelela ubudlelwane obusemthethweni phakathi koluntu kunye noluntu.

Ngokuhamba kwexesha, inkqubo yemfundo yezomthetho yamazwe ngamazwe , okuvelisa ngonyaka izigidi zeengcali. Ngokuqhelekileyo, uqeqesho luhlukaniswe kwiiyure eziliqela. Ngokomzekelo, e-US, Mexico, Great Britain kunye namanye amazwe amakhulu, isigaba sokuqala semfundo sihlala iminyaka emithathu. Ekugqibeleni, umfundi ufumana i-bachelor degree. Emva kwesifundo esinye, umfundi uba ngumphathi womthetho.

Imvelaphi yomthetho-mthetho

Ngaphambili, kwakukho isayensi yomthetho, ngokuchanekileyo, imfuneko yayo. Bazalelwa kwaye baphuhliswa njengoko umthetho wawukhula kwiinkcubeko zasendulo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imimiselo yomthetho yayidibene nenkolo. Ngokomzekelo, kwaYuda, imithetho yafundiswa ngokwemihlathi yeBhayibhile.

Ngexesha elifanayo, kwiGrisi yaMandulo, izikolo zokuqala zavela, apho isayensi yezomthetho yafundiswa namhlanje. Kwizopolitiko kukho iingqungquthela zefilosofi, apho, kunye nemithetho, bafundisa ngokucacileyo. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngelo xesha imbono "yesayensi yomthetho" yayingenakulinganiswa nolwazi jikelele. KwiiGrike zasendulo, kwakungekho zikhokelo ezizimeleyo. Iingqondi (izafilosofi) zafunda zonke iisayensi kanye kanye.

ERoma, i-jurisprudence yafumana enye impembelelo yokuphuhliswa. Ekuqaleni kwesi sixeko, ulwazi lwemithetho lulilungelo lababingeleli. Nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala ye-AD, isikolo sokuqala somthetho wabucala, esasungulwa nguSabine, sasungulwa eRoma. Ixesha lokufunda kweliziko liyiminyaka emine. Kancinci, izikolo ezifanayo zisekelwe kwezinye iidolophu ezinkulu (uConstantinople, eAthene, eBeyreria naseAlesandria).

Umthetho wamaRoma

ERoma, inkqubo yesimanje yazalwa. Impawu zayo zifumaneka kwiyiphi na imithetho yangoku. Ukwazi njani ukugcina olu lwazi kwiinkulungwane ezininzi kangaka? Emva koko, kwinqanaba le-BC. E. IRoma yawa, kwaye yonke impucuko yamandulo yasasazeka phakathi kwezizwe zentlanga. Impendulo ilula kakhulu. Ubukhosi baseRoma babenomdlali wezomthetho, iByzantium. Kwakulo mqathango ukuba inkqubo yangaphambili yomthetho neye-state yagcinwa.

Imithetho esemthethweni eyamkelwa kwiRoma yasendulo iyaziwa njengomthetho waseRoma. Namhlanje olu qeqesho luyinto enyanzelekileyo kwinkqubo kunoma yimuphi umgaqo wezomthetho. Kunyaka 530-533. EByzantium, i- Code yaseJustinian yadalwa , apho olo lwazi lusetyenziswe khona. Inzululwazi yomthetho yanamhlanje ayikwazanga ukuba khona ngaphandle kwalolu xwebhu. Kwaziwa nangokuthi yi-Digest.

Ukubaluleka kweMimiselo yaseRoma

Kwimithetho yaseRoma (kwaye kamva kwii-Digests), iimbono zomgaqo-mthetho zenziwa. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kubo yayingummiselo wokuthi urhulumente ungumphumo wesivumelwano esisungulwe phakathi kwabemi. Kubahlali beli lizwe, ukudala inkqubo ecacileyo yamandla kuyimfuneko yokulungisa iingxaki ezibalulekileyo zoluntu.

KwakuseRoma lasendulo, kwakukho imigaqo yobulungisa, eyabangela ukulingana. Kwakunomlinganiselo ofanayo woxanduva lwabahlali kulo rhulumente. Abantu bangahlala kuluntu loluntu kuphela ukuba imimiselo ethile yamkelweyo evimbela izenzo ezonakalisa amalungelo abemi belizwe. Le yimithetho. Iingcali zezi mithetho zaba ngamagqwetha kwaye zikhusela abantu enkundleni ukuba amalungelo abo ahlaselwa.

Isayensi yomthetho eRussia nakwezinye ihlabathi zakhiwa ngokubanzi kwiingcamango ezisetyenziswe ngabagwebi kwiSixeko esingunaphakade. Oku akuyinto engaqhelekanga ukuba umntu uyaqonda ukuba ukususela ngoko ngoko isakhiwo sikarhulumente kunye nolwalamano lwayo noluntu aluzange lutshintshe.

Ukufunyanwa komthetho waseRoma

Amalungiselelo omthetho waseRoma asemhlabeni jikelele. Baqhubeka besetyenziswe nangemva kokuba ilizwe lasendulo lishiywe ngaphambili. Le ngqungquthela ibizwa ngokuba yamukelwa ngumthetho waseRoma. Le nkqubo ineendlela ezininzi. Zashintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko ethile.

Umthetho waseRoma unokuba yinto yokufunda, ukuphawula kunye nophando. Kule meko, imigaqo nemigangatho yayo ayilwamkeli ngqo. Khetha kuphela eminye yemigaqo ekhoyo kumthetho wanamhlanje. Le yindlela elula kunye engavaliyo yokufumana.

Kwezinye iimeko, umthetho wamaRoma ungamkelwa ngokupheleleyo. Isayensi yezomthetho esetyenzisiweyo kulo mzekelo yenza iindlela zokusebenza kunye nomthetho apho ezi migaqo zenzeke khona. Ngokomzekelo, amagosa angcono kakhulu aseFransi angama-XIX yexeshanye kunye namazwe aseRoma. Isiphumo salo msebenzi sakha isiseko seNkcukacha yeNapoleon edumile . Yagxininise ukubaluleka kunye nokuphambili kwamalungelo oluntu. Imithetho yamaninzi yamhlanje isekelwe kumthetho wamaRoma, okanye kwimimiselo eyenziwe ngo-1804 kwiNkqubo yeNapoleon.

Yomthetho waseRashiya

Iimpawu zokuqala zokuvela kwezomthetho njengenzululwazi yaseRashiya ziyafumaneka kumaphepha eXVII inkulungwane. Urhulumente uzimisele ukuzisa imfundiso "yobulungisa" kwiSlavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Kwakuyiziko lokuqala lemfundo ephakamileyo eRashiya. Kodwa ke le ngcamango yayingakaze iqondwe.

Inzululwazi yomthetho kunye nemithetho yomthetho yaba yinto ephuthumayo kwixesha likaPetros Omkhulu. I-Russian Tsar yatshintsha imeko. Zonke izithuba ezidala zatshintshwa ngabahlobo baseYurophu. Kwakukho "Itheyibhile Yeenqanaba" kunye namanye amaxwebhu alawula ubomi beklasi yolawulo. Umsebenzi wombuso sele uhlelekile. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezintsha, ilizwe lifuna iingcali ezaziqonda imigaqo kunye neenkqubo eziqhutyelwa kumatshini oomatshini.

Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-1715 uPetros I waqalisa ukulungiselela iprojekthi yokudala i-academy eyodwa. Ngokweengcamango, abaphumelele ekufuneka basebenze ekunyangweni kunye nokubeka esweni ukusemthethweni komsebenzi wabo. Nangona kunjalo, ukufundisa kwangaphakathi kwemithetho yezomthetho kwaqala kwenye indawo.

Ukuvela kwemfundo esemthethweni yasekhaya

Ngo-1725 i-Academy yeSayensi yaseRashiya yasungulwa. Kuze kube ngama-1860, umthetho kunye neziseko zesayensi yezopolitiko zafundiswa ngaphakathi kweendonga zayo. Abafundi baseSt. Petersburg baqala ukuva malunga nenzululwazi yezomthetho. Imisebenzi yalolu lwazi yayinzulu kakhulu. Kwakukho kwi-18 leminyaka ukuba ukukhula okubonakalayo kwe-bureaucracy kwenzeka, okwakungeke kusebenze ukuba amalungu ayo ayengayiqondi isakhiwo selizwe nemithetho.

Emva kokusekwa kweYunivesithi yaseMoscow, imfundo esemthethweni yaseRussia yaqala ukufundiswa ngaphakathi kweendonga zayo. Ngelo xesha, abaqeqeshi bokuqala emthethweni bamenywa iingcali zaseJamani. Kuphela kwixesha likaCatherine II ootitshala bokuqala basekhaya kunye nabaprofesa (umzekelo, uSenen Desnitsky) wabonakala.

Urhulumente wangoku

Umthetho waseRashiya kunye nemfundo esemthethweni kwiminyaka yakutshanje baye bafumana utshintsho olukhulu oluhambelana nokusungulwa kwelizwe lethu lohlobo lwe-European training training experts. Le nxalenye ibizwa ngokuba yi- Bologna Process. Wafumana igama lakhe kwindawo yokusayina isivumelwano esifanelekileyo. Ngo-1999, amazwe aseYurophu (iRashiya yajoyina iminyaka engama-4) yavuma ukuhlanganisana kunye nokuvumelanisa iinkqubo zabo ezingafaniyo zemfundo ephakamileyo.

Esi sigqibo saboniswa kwiinkalo zomthetho. Amanqanaba aseRussia amanqanaba emfundo ephakamileyo (i-bachelor's, master's, njl. Njll) ngokuninzi okunokwenzeka ukuthobela imigangatho yaseYurophu. Umyalelo okhoyo uvumela abafundi beeyunivesithi zasekhaya ukuba baqhubeke nezifundo zabo ngaphandle kweengxaki. Ngaloo ndlela, isayensi yomthetho eRashiya ifumana ukukhuthazwa okongeziweyo ekuphuhliseni kwayo ngendlela yokudibanisa neengcali zangaphandle.

Imfundiso kaRhulumente kunye noMthetho

Imithetho yomthetho ikwahlula kwiisayensi ezininzi zesiseko. Enye yazo inkolelo yombuso nomthetho, okanye i-TGP echanekileyo. Le ngqungquthela ibonakala kwimeko yeprofesti yaseSoviet, kwaye namhlanje ihlala isiyalo seRashiya. EYurophu, urhulumente kunye nomthetho bahlolisiswa ngokwahlukileyo.

Inzululwazi yezomthetho ye-TGP ibona imigaqo, ukuthambekela kunye neepatheni zokuvela kwamagunya olawulo. Iingcamango zijongana nale mibono ebalulekileyo njengononophelo, uxanduva lomthetho, inkqubo yezopolitiko, inkqubo yomthetho , njl njl.

Iingcamango zontrakthi yoluntu

Kwimeko yayo yangoku, i-jurisprudence ineengcamango ezibalulekileyo. Uluhlu lwezomthetho lufundisisa urhulumente, uluntu noluntu ngokwasemthethweni. Kodwa ngaba ezi zinto zineenkalo enye?

Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo ithetha ukuba urhulumente, umthetho kunye noluntu luvele ngenxa yesivumelwano phakathi kwabo bonke abantu. Intsingiselo yegama elithi "inzululwazi yezomthetho" yiyo yonke imiyalelo efundayo le nto.

Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo yakha isiseko sengcamango yanamhlanje yokuba iimeko ezisemthethweni zikhona nje kuphela nangemvume yezifundo zayo. Ngalokuqala ngcamango loo mbono yenziwe ngumculi odumile waseNgilandi uThomas Hobbes ngo-1651. Kamva, imfundiso yakhe yaveliswa ngabafilosofi abalulekayo ngokufanayo uJohn Locke noJean-Jacques Rousseau. Uphando lwabo luye lwaveza izikolo ezininzi zezesayensi kunye nemimiselo edumileyo. Umzekelo, iHobbes icetyise ukuba ngokungabikho kobuso, uhlaselo okanye imfazwe yabo bonke baya kulawula.

Psychology Legal

Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yesayensi yomthetho ihambelana nemisebenzi yophando kunye nezobugebengu. Ngaphandle komthetho, bekungekho mthetho wobugebengu. Ixesha elibalulekileyo ukuvela kwalo kwifom yesimanje yangekhulu lama-20. Kwakukho iindlela ezintsha zokuqhuba uphando, njl. Ngama-1960, i-psychology yezomthetho yavela. Njengenzululwazi, le nxalenye yomthetho-mthetho iyimfuneko ukuchonga nokukhangela izigwenxa.

Kwiingxelo zeengxelo, ingxaki yengqondo ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo izenzo zezigebengu zingenangqiqo, azikwazi ukucaciswa. Umntu ophule umthetho unokuba neenjongo zeenjongo zokwenza isenzo esibulalayo. I-psychology yezomthetho ibonakala njengendlela yeendlela ezijoliswe ekuphandeni ukuziphatha kwabaphuli-mthetho.

Izindlela zeengqondo zomthetho

Ingcamango yanamhlanje "yesayensi yezomthetho" inemifanekiso emininzi. Oku kubangelwa intlangano enzima yoluntu kunye nelizwe. Le ngcamango iquka ukuqeqeshwa okuhlangeneyo, oko kukuthi, ezikhoyo kwiintambo zezinye ezimbini zesayensi. Ngokomzekelo, ingqondo yezomthetho isebenzisa iindlela kunye neengcamango zesibini kunye neengcali zomthetho eziye zenziwa iziseko zawo.

Isihloko sakhe sihlolisisa iinkqubo, iinkqubo kunye neemeko eziba zimbangela zokuphulwa komthetho kuluntu. Imithetho yomthetho iphulwa ngumntu ngamnye. Kodwa, njengommiselo, isizathu sokuba isenzo sakhe sifihliwe kwiinkqubo ezinzulu ezinxulumene noluntu loluntu.

Iingcali zengqondo zezomthetho zineendlela eziliqela eziza kubancedisa emsebenzini wazo. Ngokomzekelo, uhlalutyo olusesikweni lubonisa ukuxhomekeka kweso siganeko esicatshungulwayo. Indlela yokwenza intetho iyimfuneko ukuze ufumane ukuvela kumntu ubungqina obuchanileyo malunga nezizathu zezenzo zakhe, ezibangele ukuphulwa komthetho.