Izisombululo electrolyte

izisombululo electrolyte izinto ezingamanzi ezikhethekileyo ngokuyinxenye okanye ngokupheleleyo ngokohlobo amasuntswana ebizwayo (ion). kanye Inkqubo oqhekeza molecule kakubi (anions) kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo wamwisela (ukuse-) amasuntswana ekuthiwa dissociation electrolytic. Dissociation in isisombululo kunokwenzeka kuphela ngenxa ekukwazini nabo banxibelelane molecule engamanzi polar leyo isebenza kuphela.

Yintoni electrolytes

izisombululo Electrolyte zahlulwe zibe zolwelo and non-zolwelo. Amanzi bafunda kakuhle yaye yande kakhulu. Ba phantse kuzo zonke eziphilayo kwaye bathathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo eziphilayo. electrolytes Non-zolwelo isicelo iinkqubo electrochemical kunye ezahlukeneyo ekudibaneni kwemichiza. ukusebenzisa kwabo kukhokelele wayila kwemithombo amatsha amandla ekhemikhali. Zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiiseli photoelectrochemical, kuyondelelaniswe eziphilayo, capacitors electrolytic.

izisombululo Electrolyte, kuxhomekeke iqondo dissociation lungohlulwa lube namandla, aphakathi kunye lubuthathaka. isidanga dissociation (α) - lulwahlulo ezo molekyuli esophukileyo amasuntswana icala ukuya kwinani elipheleleyo iimolekyuli. Xa electrolytes enamandla ixabiso alpha kufutshane 1, xa α≈0,3 oluphakathi, kwaye α buthathaka <0.1.

Xa ngokuqhelekileyo electrolytes strong ziquka iityuwa, ezininzi asidi ezithile - HCl, HBr, HI, HNO _3, H ₂ SO _4, HClO _4, hydroxides of barium, kwiteksti, calcium kunye nesinyithi kwealkali. Okunye base kunye acid - electrolyte eliphakathi okanye amandla buthathaka.

izisombululo electrolyte Properties

izisombululo Education soloko ilandelwa lutshintsho lwemithetho neziphumo thermal kunye notshintsho umthamo. Inkqubo ukuchitha electrolyte kulwelo ithatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba ezintathu:

1. Ukutshatyalaliswa iibhondi yemichiza electrolyte aphakathi ipheliswe ifuna ibiza umlinganiselo othile wamandla kwaye ngoko Ukutsalwa kwenzeka _(bit? H> 0).
2. Kulo nyathelo, isinyibilikisi uqalisa ukuba basebenzisane ion electrolyte, nto uluhlu lwe solvates (in isisombululo zolwelo - carbohydrate). Le nkqubo yaziwa kwaye solvation exothermic, ngamanye exotherm kwenzeka (Δ H _hydr <0).
3. Yinkalo yokugqibela - kwe-. Le ukwabiwa efanayo carbohydrate (solvates) kwi isisombululo isambuku. Le nkqubo ifuna inkcitho lwamandla ngoko ke isisombululo zipholile _(umehluko? H> 0).

Ngoko ke, lo isiphumo iyonke wobushushu kokunyibilikisa le electrolyte angabhalwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo:

_Sol? H =? H +? H _{ekwenzeni umahluko yiHydraulic?} H +

Ukususela oko, wayeza kuba yintoni na amacandelo neziphumo amandla ixhomekeke yamanqaku okugqibela yobushushu lilonke ukunyibilika ifuthe electrolyte. Ngokuqhelekileyo le nkqubo endothermic.

Iimpawu yezisombululo ixhomekeke ubukhulu becala uhlobo kwamalungu alo. Ukongeza, iimpawu ubume isisombululo electrolyte iphenjelelwa, uxinzelelo kunye nobushushu.

Kuxhomekeka konke okuqulathwe sezisombululo enyibilikayo electrolyte lungohlulwa lube yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano kakhulu (apho iqulathe kuphela "imizila" electrolyte), yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano (equlethe imali encinane bonyibiliko) kunye bakwezolimo (enesiqulatho electrolyte ebonakalayo).

ekudibaneni kwemichiza e izisombululo electrolyte, ezo zibangelwa indlela umbane kukhokelela bodwa izinto ezithile ukuba i electrode. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba electrolysis kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa kushishino mihla. Ngokukodwa, ngenxa electrolysis wafumana-aluminiyamu, hydrogen, chlorine, isodiyam hayidroksayidi, iperoksayidi yehidrojeni, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo.