Theory of imvelaphi ioli: eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Inyathelo ukubunjwa oyile. kuba uya Mingaphi iminyaka ioli anele

theory Relative ngemvelaphi yeoli, izazinzulu ziye Ayifikelelwanga ukuvumelana. Lo ngumcimbi onobuzaza kakhulu, kwaye ingxaki zokusombulula wayo akakwazi ukuhlawula nayiphi de komhlaba igesi kunye neoli, okanye macala iinzululwazi zendalo, apho okwangoku ifumaneke kuluntu. Ngomhla ngemvelaphi ioli kuthiwa kuphela yeengcingane, kodwa ndiyakwenza. Le yokwakheka petroleum odumileyo I. M. Gubkin kwi banesifo zenkulungwane lokugqibela, wabhala ngayo ezininzi umdla, ukuxoxa iingcamango ezahlukeneyo ngemvelaphi ioli. Thina ngokubanzi kazi uhlobo iinkqubo ziye kangangamawaka ezigidi zeminyaka ngezantsi noqweqwe, umhlaba wethu ukuze kuthi ngeendlela ezininzi ingaziwa. Akalazi umntu okuninzi malunga neenkqubo ikhosi geoevolyutsii yinyaniso, ngoko ke ingcamango imvelaphi yeoli baninzi.

iingcamango ezimbini eziphambili

Xa uluntu luya kufumana ulwazi ngokupheleleyo malunga iimeko ezinegalelo ukuvela leoli njengoko uhlolisisa ngqo ukwenza njani iidipozithi oko kolu qweqwe lomhlaba, xa Uqhelene zonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, iintlobo noshowo amadama, iimpawu zabo lithological evuna ukwenzela iziganeko kunye nokwanda yeoli - kuphela ukuhlola kunye search imihlaba kwenziwa kufanelekile ngokwenene. Ngokukhawuleza waqalisa ukuba inzululwazi yedeskthopi, baye iingcamango ezimbini eziyintloko imvelaphi yeoli apho. I tanci alibophe imfundo yakhe kunye arhente live. Le mbono zomgquba imvelaphi oyile. Eyesibini ibonisa ukuba zombini igesi kunye neoli basuka kwi Yindibanisela yeehidrojeni nembumba yeekharbon e noxinzelelo aphezulu amaqondo enzulwini noqweqwe. Le ngcamango imvelaphi ezingaphiliyo yeoli.

Imbali ithi ukuba imfundiso ephilayo weza kamva Ongaphiliyo: de kwinkulungwane ye-yeshumi elinesithoba, namafutha atsalwa kuphela apho wadibana phantsi - e-California, kwi kwiMeditera, eVenezuela kunye kwezinye iindawo. Isazinzulu German Humboldt bacinga ioli indlela ekwenzeka ngayo: efanayo njengoko asphalt, ngenxa yesenzo mlilo. Kamva, kwisiqingatha sesibini kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, ekhemisi baye bakwazi ukuba nokulungelelanisa iilebhu iasithilini C ₂ H ₂ kunye hydrocarbon komdyarho methane. Kakhulu kamva, Dmitri wethu Ivanovich Mendeleev wanikwa i "carbide" ezweni labo, kungekhona imfundiso kweziphilayo imvelaphi oyile. Yokwakheka komhlaba kunye Isazinzulu Gubkin ngengcwangu wamgxeka kuyo.

Mendeleev and Gubkin

Ngowe-1877, inkosi wathetha Russian Chemical Society ngokunxulumene hypothesis ngemvelaphi ioli. Kwagqitywa lusekelwe isixa esikhulu sezixhobo zokufunda yinyani, yaye ngoko kwaduma ngoko nangoko. Xa ubungqina lungeniswa, sonke ngexesha endle yayigxile amagophe izakhiwo ntaba-isongwe, ukuba anaba ubude kwaye zibekwe kufutshane kwimimandla ityala enkulu. Ngokutsho Mendeleev, ngenxa yamophula nzulu umhlaba uwa amanzi kwaye idityaniswe carbides yesinyithi, oko ekukhuthazeni inkangeleko yeoli, ngoko ezinyukayo kwaye yenza ichibi. Formula Mendeleev Kubonakala ngathi: 2FeC + 3h ₂ O = Fe _{2 O-3} + C ₂ H _6. Ngokutsho hypothesis wakhe (njengoko oyile eveliswa), le nkqubo kusoloko kusenzeka, hayi nje kuphela kweli xesha kude zejoloji.

theory I. M. Gubkin khabhayithi wagxeka yonke indawo. Olu khetho abunokwanezisa kakuhle yokwakheka umntu onolwazi ngubani na ukuqinisekisa ukuba i oyile abafundileyo kakhulu kakuhle, kwaye apho kungekho tyala nakanye, eqhuba amanzi ukuya khabhayithi ulwelo. iintanda ezinjalo azenzeki kwindalo - ukususela ongundoqo Umhlaba ukuya kumphezulu. Abangelwe ibhanti andiluniki nayiphi amanzi ukungena nzulu okanye ukuphuma yeoli ogqityiweyo. Ingakumbi ngale imfundiso ethi bonke kufunxwa ioli namhlanje ukujula okukhulu. Impikiswano Gubkin wakhonza ke nokuba ioli ezenziwa ezingaphiliyo, optically abapholileyo, kodwa bendalo - esebenzayo, nokuba nako ukujikeleza womgca nokwehlukana sokukhanya.

Space - imfundiso wesithathu

Kwakuba zithandwa kakhulu kwaye theory isithuba ukuba indlela ekwenzeka ngayo ioli. Namhlanje, kunye nokufika ubuchwepheshe bale mihla endaweni yonke, kwaye wabethwa fiasco obukhulu. yokwakheka komhlaba Russian NA Sokolov uyayihlaza ngcamango yakhe emva ngo-1892 imvelaphi kwisithuba yeoli isekelwe kwinto yokuba hydrocarbon khona kule planethi njalo ku banda ngendlela engaqhelekanga, yaye kwasekwa kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, xa umhlaba wabumba. Lupholile, umhlaba ulifunxa ioli, ukunyibilikisa ngendlela daka ulwelo. Emva ukubunjwa uqweqwe daka eziqinileyo njengoko wabanika hydrocarbon eziye uvukile ngomhla iintanda yaye inxalenye yayo ephezulu apho uqiniswe ngokuwupholisa kwaye kwasekwa ezinye izihloko. Sokolov iimpikiswano kukuba hydrocarbon awafunyanwayo ubunzima zimpahla.

Gubkin, yaye lo mbono uye wagxeka nines, umtyholwa yokuba amabala ayo kuphela izibalo yeengcingane, apho kugcinwa zejoloji ze iqinisekisiwe. Bakholelwa ngokubanzi ioli izimbiwa kwindalo iphantse apho, kodwa oko kukuthi, inokuba akukho eluncedo. Ubuninzi ingentsimi yeoli kusekho i into elidluleyo onke amanqanaba ukuyilwa yeoli, yaye ngendlela ephilileyo. Le ngxoxo elandelayo yale ngxaki phantse kwiminyaka elikhulu, le mpikiswano efanayo kunye nokunqongophala sivumelwano. oilmen Soviet, izazinzulu baye phambili ithiyori kakhulu olufanelekileyo imvelaphi ezingaphiliyo yeoli.

Iinzululwazi eSoviet Union

Kropotkin Porfiriev, Kudryavtsev, kunye nabanye abaxhasi babo wazama ukungqina ukuba yeehidrojeni nembumba yeekharbon, nto leyo mali ocacileyo Udaka wafumana radicals CH, CH _2, CH _3, wakhululwa kuso kunye mpilo, lisebenza umbandela ukuqalela kwiindawo abandayo ioli ukwakheka. Kudryavtsev wayeqinisekile imvelaphi petroleum abiogenic liyayivumela ukuba kuqhutywa kunye yeegesi kwi ludaka iqokobhe emhlabeni ngo kwiimpazamo enzulu ngenxa yokwaleka komhlaba. Porfiriev wayesithi ioli iza kungekhona ngokohlobo radicals ezizizembiwa ezindaweni anzongonzongo, yaye unandipha ngokupheleleyo zonke iimpawu zendalo yeoli ogqityiweyo ukutyhoboza le misindo. Akwazi ukuphendula nje umbuzo zwabha weoli pre-nokufuduka? Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba kwimimandla subcortical, kodwa konke oku theory azinabungqina ngokuchaneke engaphambili.

oyile imvelaphi ezingaphiliyo iye waqinisa iimpikiswano zilandelayo:

1. Le rocks basic crystalline nawo iidipozithi.

gas 2. ukungcola neoli afumaneka kunye hydrocarbon komoya mlilo, kwi "kwimibhobho dubulo" esithubeni.

3. Ezi hydrocarbon zingafunyanwa yilebhu, ukudala iimeko nehigh kunye neqondo lobushushu.

4. iigesi ezizizembiwa kunye neencindi ezizizembiwa ulwelo ndikho amaqula, leyo ukuvula GET (eSweden, Tatarstan kunye kwenye indawo).

5. I-theory ephilayo abakwazi ukuchaza ubukho zoqhaphelo yeoli omkhulu kunye namasimi ezinkulu.

6. Imali ye gas kufuneka Cenozoic ubudala, neoli - postpaleozoysky kumaqonga yamandulo eweni.

7. Amasimi oyile zinxulunyaniswa kakhulu ngokuqhelekileyo kunye iimpazamo ezinzulu.

theory organic

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwaba kakhulu eninzi iimpapasho kunye data ezintsha. Umzekelo, i-oyile ulwelo ifumaneka elwandle, zisasazeka kwiindawo zabo. Inkoliso yezi zibakala lubonisa imvelaphi ezingaphiliyo zeoli. Noko ke, nangoku wazibonakalisa kakhulu ngokonga kalujaca. Ngenxa yokuba abaxhasi kwaye zisencinci kakhulu. Uninzi oosonzululwazi, zokuma aphesheya, kwilizwe lethu ngqo kwithiyori kweziphilayo ngemvelaphi ioli. Yintoni enomtsalane kunjalo, le mbono?

Ngeoli imvelaphi biogenic angenela kokuhluma yayo ngeempahla eziphilayo apho iidiphozithi ludaka subaqueous. Uhlobo yale nkqubo ngokucacileyo stepwise. Abaxhasi ingcamango biogenic bakholelwa ukuba oyile - imveliso, afunyenwe inguqu into ephilayo. Ezi iintsalela enezityalo nezilwanyana kwi neetyuwa ze imvelaphi zaselwandle, wona usekwe phezu kwelinye-cubic meter iliwa Ityuwa kuwa ngokoqobo grams, kodwa ioli ematyeni kwi imitha enye cubic neetyuwa Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iikhilogram ezintandathu. Udongwe - isiqingatha Kilo in siltstones - ezimakhulu mabini grams, lekalika - angamakhulu amabini anamashumi mahlanu.

iintlobo ezimbini izinto eziphilayo

Sapropel kunye nomgquba - wonke umntu athe warhwebeshwa isityalo, uyazi ukuba yintoni na. Ukuba lo mbandela ephilayo oluhlala phantsi kwamanzi, apho ukungena komoya akwanelanga, kodwa kukho, oko baya kubola, ke yona wamatye - kwindawo engundoqo ye umhlaba, nto leyo enika okuzala. Ukuba amanzi kodwa ingekho i-oksijini ezingasetyenziswanga izinto eziphilayo, ngoko kukho "neyanamhlanje olucothayo", ukunciphisa inkqubo kwemichiza - ukubola. emachibini Small amanzi amileyo ihlale isixa omkhulu ulwelwe blue-eluhlaza, ezincinane, kuquka arthropods ezihlala ixesha elide baze bafe ngayo amanani amakhulu.

Emazantsi yenziwe ngomaleko omkhulu womhlaba ze organic elitshisiweyo - of sapropel. Ezi ziyingxenye yonxweme kweelwandle, amachweba, kumachweba. Xa ulwelo dry sapropel kuvelisa ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu ekhulwini ubunzima oyile okunamafutha efana petroleum. A ekumisweni oyile - le nkqubo inde kangaka nzima ezilandelayo zonke izigaba yayo loo mntu akanako, oko kuphela isiphumo - iidiphozithi enkulu kunye needipozithi ioli. A iinkqubo amawaka eminyaka kwi abandwendweli umthombo, apho iintlobo yesibambiso kwakheka kwi emgangathweni lwaselwandle kunegama saa izinto eziphilayo kwi imali ngaphantsi kwe Clark - angamakhulu amane grams nge-cubic meter.

ezinokubakho

umthombo oyile yokulahlwa kwe anokubanakho eliphezulu - udongwe-carbonate, equlethe organic umcimbi sapropel. iidipozithi ezo zibizwa ngokuba domanikitami. Zikhona zonke kwezakhi pre-Cambrian kwiinkqubo Phanerozoic, kunye ngokwamanqanaba ezifanayo stratigraphic kumazwekazi ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Ingaba yenzeke njani? Kwiminyaka emithathu enesiqingatha billion eyadlulayo, ubomi emhlabeni isuka. I Cambrian iqokobhe amanzi Ixesha Umhlaba sele uthathe iintlobo ezohlukileyo into ephilayo. Early Paleozoic wanikwa iilwandle omkhulu neelwandle, apho nobulembu kunye ezingenamqolo ukuba inani elikhulu iintlobo.

Yaye nje ihlabathi liphela organic wabalekiselwa ilizwe. Imiqathango esihle sobomi wadalwa amadama kubunzulu yeemitha amathandathu ukuya asibhozo - ngokufuthi ngakumbi ezishelifini elinephepha kwamanzi yezwekazi. Ukusondela kulo ilizwe, lo mbandela komgquba neetyuwa ezininzi. Inland yeelwandle anokuqulatha ukuya kwi amahlanu ekhulwini komgquba esidipozithwe. Iimeko kakhulu kulwenziwo yeoli - inxalenye eselunxwemeni lolwandle. Indawo awazalelwa kuyo zamafutha kumalwandle akudala, kunokuba Umgxobhozo kumadama amanzi.

amafutha Ukwakheka step

Academician Gubkin wayesithi ukuba ukuyilwa oyile akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokugqitha zigaba ezithile. Lokuqala - sedimentogenesis kunye diagenesis xa bethetha gazomaterinskih kusekwe kwaye imvula lesixhobo oyile, ngamanye amazwi - izinto eziphilayo ukuqala. Inyathelo lokuqala izisa kunye neenkqubo kwemichiza ezifana eveliswa apho kerogen nobuninzi kwezinto sukube, ngokuthe ngcembe uthothe.

Abanye babo iyachithakala kwaye ngokwendawo, maxa wambi sizenza imveliso umdla kwimizi (billion amahlanu cubic metres methane Lakes, umzekelo, eJapan okanye igesi kananjalo itsalwa elwandle, apho ukuya ku alithoba anesixhenxe ekhulwini methane). Nangona kunjalo, ngeli thuba le-oyile angekayazi eyona nto. Kodwa ukuntywiliselwa ngakumbi kukhokelela mthombo imimandla katagenesis rock intlola apho apho sele evela mbandela sokuqala eziphilayo, ammonia, emanzini, methane, icarbon dioxide, kunye nabo kunye neemveliso hydrocarbon engamanzi.

Phase and zone

Isigaba engundoqo i ukuyilwa katagenesis ioli inyathelo unzulu ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu leekhilomitha nokufumba kubushushu ka asibhozo ukuya ezilikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu degrees Celsius. iimeko elilelona ngco ngaloo apho yayibaluleke - amaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Neftegazogeneratsiya iye endaweni ethile ubunzulu. Phezulu ukuya kwenye anamashumi amahlanu eemitha kwindawo kwemichiza, esibonakala luphuhliso kulo mbandela somgquba iinkqubo kwemichiza zokuvelisa igesi.

Ukususela enye enesiqingatha eqhele phantsi - zone yenguqu apho manzi zonke iinkqubo nemvelo. Ummandla lwesithathu ukusuka kwisiqingatha ukuya kweekhilomitha ezintandathu - thermocatalytic, kubalulekile ngokukodwa ukuba kwakhiwe ioli. Ke lwesine - irhasi, apho iveliswa ikakhulu methane. Oku kunokubonwa ukuba inkqubo iqala lokusekwa igesi neoli Ukwakheka ihamba kuzo zonke izigaba, igqibezela inkqubo. Ucando yalo nkqo, kunye nokusasazwa hydrocarbon efakwa - tye.

gesi

Ngaphambili, namafutha atsalwa apho phantse kuza kufutshane kumphezulu. Ngoku imveliso yawo liye landa izihlandlo eziliqela, yaye, ke ngoko, kwakunye betha nje ubude bayo. Emide kugrunjwa kwi-USSR: Sakhalin - ungaphezulu kakhulu eqhele elinesibini, yaye Kola Peninsula - 12262 eemitha. E Qatar, iqula oxwesileyo phezu ezilishumi elinambini iikhilomitha eUnited States - ezimbini devyatikilometrovye kakuhle. Kwiintaba wohlobo eJamani babe umngxuma devyatikilometrovaya efanayo apho akukho nto iye geni okanye kufunxwa, nangona yena wachitha amathathu, anamanci mathathu anesixhenxe ezigidi zeerandi. ifildi oyile encinane eyafumanekayo Austria, nto leyo ngokumangalisayo kakhulu ngakumbi zihlolwe, kodwa ke ioli lwafumaneka kubunzulu kweekhilomitha ezisibhozo. Phezu sihlolisisa, asinguye ukuqokelela oyile negesi, apho kwakungenakwenzeka ukuvelisa - neznye kule sayithi ayivumelekanga. A yamba kakuhle emva koko, kodwa akazange afumane nto konke konke, nkqu zileyiti ezinokuba ngabam.

Onke amazwe kufuneka ioli. Ngenxa yokuswela kwayo yeemfazwe abasisigxina baqalise. Babesomba ke ngoku nangokomthamo nanto. Ihlabathi ngokoqobo wopha emhlophe. Iingcali Energy ziqikelela kweminyaka emingaphi apho kuba ioli eyaneleyo, ndineemfesane Yomhlaba. Yaye kwenzeka ukuba oovimba wavunywa ngasekhohlo iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu anesithandathu kuphela. Kakade ke, oko akuthethi unyamalale ngokupheleleyo. Abantu sele beyazi indlela yokukhupha oyile shale, kwentlabathi ioli, yebhitumene zendalo kakhulu ngakumbi. Venezuela uya kuba ioli ngokwaneleyo iminyaka emakhulu, Saudi Arabia - phantse asixhenxe, Russia - engaphantsi kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu yokuba washiya giant oyile.