Yintoni ingqiqo: definition kunye nemithetho

Logic - ingqiqo ezahlukeneyo, ngokuqinileyo yaba yinxalenye yobomi bethu kunye nenkcubeko yokuthetha. Kweli nqaku, siza sijonga ukusuka kwindawo umbono yenzululwazi, yintoni na le logic. Inkcazelo, iintlobo, imithetho ekuqiqeni kunye neenkcukacha zembali kunokusinceda kulo.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Ngoko ke, yintoni na logic? Ukuchazwa logic ezininzi kakhulu. NgesiGrike lithetha "ingcamango", "sizathu", "igama elithi" kunye "rhoqo". Ukutolikwa yanamhlanje kolu luvo isetyenziswa kwiimeko ezintathu:

1. ubudlelwane Isikhundla kunye neepateni oludibanisa izenzo zabantu okanye iziganeko kwihlabathi njongo. Ngale ndlela, ngokufuthi kusetyenziswa amagama afana "ulandelelwano", "logic izibakala", "logic yezinto" njalo-njalo.
2. Isikhundla oda engqongqo kunye amaxesha inkqubo yokucinga. Kulo mzekelo, asebenzisa ezifana 'ingqiqo yokuqiqa "," logic yokucinga "," intetho logic "njalo-njalo.
3. Ukonyulwa kwesayensi eyodwa lifunda iifom ubhalo kunye nemisebenzi, kwakunye nemithetho enxulumene nabacingayo ngabo.

imisebenzi logic

Njengoko kubonakala, kuyo nayiphi na imeko enikwe unokuba ubuncinane omnye iimpendulo ezininzi lo mbuzo: "Yintoni na logic?" Le nkcazo zemisebenzi logic yobungakanani ngaphantsi. Umsebenzi ophambili - ukuba bafikelele kwisigqibo ngokusekelwe kokucingelwayo kwaye amaxesha bafumane ulwazi malunga nomba benixambulisana, ukuba uye nzulu ubudlelwane bakhe kunye neminye imiba isenzeko. Kuyo nayiphi na inzululwazi, enye yezixhobo engundoqo ingqiqo. Akubalulekanga nje kukho icandelwana ebalulekileyo bulumko, kodwa kwakhona kubandakanya ngokufundisa izibalo. "Le algebra ekuqiqeni" - definition, eyaziwa ngezangqa zemathematika. Maxa wambi edidekile kunye algebra Boolean, nto leyo isiseko inzululwazi computer, kodwa hayi kakhulu yinyaniso.

logic informal

Ikakhulu oluthathwa zibe logic:

1. Sikweni.
2. Ezisesikweni.
3. Yokomfuziselo.
4. Ngengqiqo.

logic sikweni - isifundo yokucinga kulwimi lokuqala. Eli binzana ixhaphake kakhulu kuncwadi IsiNgesi. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi ophambili ekuqiqeni sikweni - ukuhlola iimpazamo logic kwintetho. Isiphelo, nto leyo eyenziwe ngolwimi yendalo, anokuba umxholo kuphela formal ukuba ungenza abonise ukuba akakho omnye ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa yabucala umthetho iphela.

logic esisemthethweni elingumqondiso

Uhlalutyo O, ebonisa umxholo kakhulu esesikweni, yaye ibizwa ngokuba logic olusesikweni. Njengoko ukucinga lokomfuziselo, oko uphonononga ukutsalwa lokomfuziselo ukuba zifake isakhiwo ngokusesikweni lako.

logic dialectical

logic Dialectical kuthiwa inzululwazi yokucinga, nto leyo enika ulwazi malunga nendlela yokuqiqa engazukuphelela output ubunakho olusesikweni. Kulo mzekelo, ingqiqo ekuqiqeni ingasetyenziswa kokubini ingqiqo yayo ubhalo, kwaye ekwimo isikweko ethile.

Ukuqiqa Dialectical kusekelwe ngokuyinxenye phezu imithetho olusesikweni ekuqiqeni. Noko ke, uhlaziye Dynamics inguqu phantsi koko, ukuba uyavuma kuqondana izichasi, kwaye igxininisa imithetho dialectical.

logic into

Ingcaciso ekuqiqeni njenge inzululwazi kuthetha ukuba into wayo zabantu indlela yokucinga. Sicinga imbaxa, inkqubo amaninzi achaphazelekayo, nto leyo ibonisa ngokubanzi izinto zabantu kunye nezimo zengqondo zehlabathi ezingqongileyo. Le nkqubo ufundwa zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo: bulumko, ngezengqondo, imfuza, Ezolimi kunye cybernetics. Philosophy iqwalasela imvelaphi nangomoya yokucinga kwakunye yesazisi sakhe nehlabathi eziphathekayo kunye nolwazi. kweemeko ezilawulwa Psychology ngenxa yomsebenzi eziqhelekileyo zokucinga kunye nophuhliso wayo, kwakunye nefuthe kokusingqongileyo okusingqongileyo. Genetics lizimisele isifundo ngamandla ilifa ukubonakalisa. Ezolimi elinde uqhagamshelwano phakathi intetho yokucinga. Kaloku, bezama ukwakha umfuziselo cybernetics zobunjineli yobuchopho nokucinga kwabantu. Kwale ngqiqo inye kakhulu lijonga inkqubo acinge Ngokwemiqathango yesakhelo yokucinga, kwakunye ukuthembeka okanye ukukrexeza yokuqiqa, ukuphazanyiswa umxholo kunye nophuhliso izimvo.

anengqondo zesifundo

Isifundo sale ndawo yolwazi na uhlobo ubhalo, ukusebenza ezinxulumene kunye nemithetho ingcamango. Kuhle ukuba siqwalasele umba wengxoxo logic, ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokufunda umntu ehlabathini. Kwingqiqo yolwazi yinkqubo apho umntu efunda ngehlabathi. Kukho iindlela ezimbini yokufumana ulwazi:

1. ulwazi labona. Esebenzisa izivamvo okanye izixhobo.
2. ulwazi enengqondo. Ngokusebenzisa nekhono lokuhlaziya.

Imfundiso ezibonakalayo ulwazi olusekelwe phezu ngobhalo reflection. Ngokwalo mbono, umgwebo, izinto ezinzulu zehlabathi injongo zingachaphazela izivamvo oluntu kunye nokomeleza umsebenzi inkqubo ukudluliselwa kolwazi ebuchotsheni, kwakunye ukomeleza ingqondo ngokwayo, nto leyo yokucinga yabantu idala imifanekiso yezi zinto ezifanayo kunye nezimo.

siyazazi

ngendlela yenyama ibizwa ngokuba ulwazi iimpawu zangaphandle izinto ezithile kunye nezimo. ukuqonda ngokoluvo kungenzeka ngeendlela ezintathu:

1. Kuyabuya. Libonisa iimpawu ngamanye into.
2. Events. Ibonisa njengesifundo ewonke, oko indlela epheleleyo.
3. Imibono. Lo mfanekiso yenjongosenzi lugcinwe kwinkumbulo.

Xa nqanaba ulwazi labona, umntu akusoloko ziyafumaneka kakuhle izinto kunye neenkqubo, iimpawu zabo analo. The Little Prince of ibali elifanayo Exupery wathi: "Yintoni na ibalulekile ayibonakali iliso." Ingqondo okanye nekhono lokuhlaziya ukuba sisebenzisa le izivamvo kwiimeko ezinjalo.

ulwazi kwande

ukucinga ibonisa eyenzekayo phantsi beepropati ezisisiseko kunye nobudlelwane. Ulwazi zehlabathi nekhono lokuhlaziya kwenzeka ngokungathanga ngqo, hayi ngqo. Oku akuthethi ukuba isibheno ngokubona nokuziqhelanisa, kwaye zisekelwe phezu ufumane enzulu ngakumbi iimpawu kunye nobudlelwane izinto ezinzulu. Ngokomzekelo, emanyathelweni umoni unako-ukudala kwakhona umfanekiso lomboniso, ithemometha abone ukuba yintoni na imozulu phandle, njalo-njalo.

Into ebalulekileyo nekhono lokuhlaziya lulwalamano wayo olusondeleyo ulwimi. Zonke iingcamango wenziwa ngoncedo amagama namabinzana, waphololoza yi intetho lwangaphakathi okanye lwangaphandle. Sicinga nje kunceda umntu ukuchaza ihlabathi elisingqongileyo, kodwa uyasivumela ukuba ukuqulunqa iingcamango ezintsha, ukutsalwa, iingqikelelo kusengaphambili, oko kukuthi, usombulula imisebenzi emininzi ubhalo. Inkcazo 'logic' yaye 'okucinga "kule meko izalana ngokusondeleyo omnye komnye. Sicinga, kungakhathaliseki nokuba ngaba abstract okanye olwamkelweyo, kungenziwa ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili: ingqiqo, umgwebo nokuqiqa. Makhe siqwalasele nabo ngokwahlukeneyo.

ukuba nombono

Kuyinto oluthile yokucinga, nto leyo idala imifanekiso engqondweni iinjongo, iimpawu zabo kunye nobuhlobo. Ingcinga akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwenkcazelo. Kodwa ke imithetho iinkcazelo kwi logic sikhangela kancinane. Ngexesha lokusekwa iikhonsepthi inxaxheba kuhlalutyo umdla ngamnye kwisifundo yayo, ukuthelekisa kunye nezinye izinto, ukukhululwa iimpawu zayo engundoqo lokwahlula, etsala iimpawu non-kubalulekile kunye gabalala izinto ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe le miqondiso. Oku kwenza imifanekiso ngqondweni wezinto, iimpawu zabo nobudlelwane.

Concepts zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumsebenzi cognitive yabantu. Enkosi kubo, unako kuthwa yintoni eneneni ikhona ngokuzimeleyo. Kwihlabathi njongo akukho into enjalo njengomfundi, apprentice, unobhala, imbaleki, njl E., Bona imifanekiso ngokubanzi ezinokuba khona kuphela kwihlabathi egqibeleleyo, oko kukuthi engqondweni yomntu.

Formation kweekhonsepthi kuvula ithuba yokufumana ulwazi malunga izinto ezinzulu ngokwesiseko iimpawu ezingundoqo kwiklasi ezinto ezifanayo okanye iziganeko. Malunga kuya kuba njani na ihlabathi ukuba abantu abazange zisebenza imiba unxibelelwano kunye namanye, uthi Dzhonatan Svift kwibali yakhe Uhambo Gulliver kaThixo. Ngokutsho ibali, silumko kanye wacebisa abantu kwincoko musa ukusebenzisa ingqiqo lezinto izinto ngqo. Walandelwa ngabantu abaninzi Ingcebiso yakhe, kodwa ukuze uthethe kakuhle nomntu, kwafuneka ukuba banxibe ingxowa igxalaba ngezinto ezahlukeneyo. Kakade ke, incoko enjalo kunye umboniso bezinto, nkqu abanini ngeebhegi ezinkulu iye ezinqabileyo kakhulu.

Ingcinga awukwazi ukubakhona ngaphandle kwenkcazelo. Inkcazo zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo zinokunyangwa kunye nokungafani. Inkcazelo lwesigama-logic - yinkqubo bokulungisa intsingiselo ethile emva kwexesha kweelwimi ezithile. Xa ezingundoqo zalo, ingqiqo Infinity, ekubeni yenziweyo ingqiqo jikelele. Ingcaciso ke, ekubeni sisiphumo kakhulu- msebenzi (ubhalo). Ngokutsho Hegel, le nkcazo ne Absolute kwaye neemeko kunye nokusebenza. Umsebenzi ifilosofi kukuguqula izinto zibe kungeniswa ukubatshabalalisa umiselo lokugqibela.

Ingcamango intsingiselo. A inkcazo imiqathango kwi anengqondo isenzo ejoliswe ekuchongweni yalo intsingiselo. Ngoko ke, i ingqiqo nga ngokuba ilizwi ngokusebenzisa ingqiqo wafumana definition. Ngenxa yoko, ngaphandle esicacisa ilizwi ngayo ayilogama, nokuba lithe laqhenqetha. Nika intsingiselo yeli gama - oko kuthetha ukuba bachaze ixabiso layo, wongezelela zonke bokuqonda ezisisiseko. Ke ukuba loo nto ingaphaya kwemida inkqubo ethile ulwazi, swihoxo kwenzeka iinkcazelo. Ingqiqo kwi wonke, kanye ngayo kunye nokuqonda yegama. Ngoko ke, ethetha kwizihloko bulumko, kubalulekile ukuchaza ingqiqo.

Iintlobo iinkcazelo kwi logic thaca kakhulu ngokubanzi. Nkcazo: intensional, yokwenene, axiomatic, ngegama, ecacisiwe, lokukwekwa, yemfuza, ngokomxholo, ezenza kunye ostensive.

isigwebo

Ngenxa yezi ngongoma ngezinto abantu baveze izimvo zabo malunga nokwenza uthelekelelo. Isigwebo wabhekisela uhlobo lengqiqo yokujongana mxholo ingcinga yokuba into sivunyiwe okanye sikhatyiwe. Enye isigwebo ingaveliselwa ngaphezulu. Umzekelo, ngokusekelwe yokuba bonke abantu abafayo, sinokugqiba ukuba lowo wafa - indoda. Ngexesha ukwakhiwa iingqiqo, izigwebo nezigqibo wonke Ungenza zombini iimpazamo abazi kunye zingqondweni. Siyiphephe, kufuneka bazazi iziseko yokucinga echanekileyo.

Ngokufanelekileyo ngokuba yokucinga, apho ulwazi olufunyenwe ulwazi lokwenyaniso inyaniso ezintsha. isiphumo yokucinga engalunganga unokuba ulwazi kangangoko zobuxoki. Umzekelo, kukho iingxelo ezimbini: "Ukuba Ivan uzibophelele inkunzi - ulidla-mthetho," yaye "Ivan akazange enze ukuphanga." YoMgwebo "Ivan akukho mthetho", ziqulunqwe ngokwendlela yecash kule nkcukacha usenokuba yinkohliso, njengoko yokuba akazange inkunzi, ayibonisi ukuba akazange enze ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

zombhali

Ethetha ukuchaneka izigqibo, abaphengululi kubonisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yokwakha yabo zokuqhagamshelwa. Oku kusekelwe kule nkcazelo imithetho ekuqiqeni njengoko inzululwazi yokucinga. logic ngokusemthethweni kutsalwa ukusuka isiqulatho esithile kunye nophuhliso izimvo. Noko ke, loo nto igxininisa inyaniso okanye falsity yale mibono. Elikholisa ukubizwa ngokuba indlela yokucinga ngokusengqiqweni, esigxininisa kwisihloko nenzululwazi befunda indlela ethile yokucinga.

Umbuzo yenyaniso okanye falsity yezigwebo kunye nezigqibo - iba ngumbandela sokuthobela okanye ukungathobeli of izinto abazithethayo, ihlabathi njongo. Le ngesigwebo senyaniso cala ibonisa imeko ngokwenyani njongo. isigwebo lobuxoki, phezu koko, ayingqinelani yokwenene. Umbuzo wokuba yintoni inyaniso kwaye nendlela ulwazi labona kunxulumene ukuba nekhono lokuhlaziya, akusekho ukwenza ubuhlakani kunye bulumko.

isiphelo

Namhlanje safunda kunye nawe, oko kukuthi i-logic. Ingcaciso yale mbono capacious kakhulu yaye ezininzi, babugubungela indawo ebanzi nobuchule. Loo iintlobo lemiboniso kubonisa ingqiqo ubudlelwane yayo kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi, ezinye zazo kakhulu izinto eziphathekayo. Eli nqaku kwakhona kuxoxwe imiba engundoqo ingqondo yomntu: nokuqiqa, izigwebo, imiba kunye neenkcazo (ubuhlakani). Imizekelo ubomi yasinceda ukuba siqonde ngcono le nto.