Indlela i-oyile yenziwa ngayo kwendalo

Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa ioli "igolide elimnyama", njengoko lizisa inzuzo enhle kulabo abakhuphayo. Abaninzi bayazibuza ukuba i-oyile yenziwa njani kwaye yintoni eyoyilwayo. Ukuqhubela phambili siya kuzama ukuqonda oku.

ZiPhambili

Ukubunjwa kweoli kufaka ezi zinto zilandelayo:

- Hydrocarbon. Eli candelo lihlukaniswe, kwakhona, libe yi-naphthenic, i-methane kunye nezinto ezinamakha.

- Asinoltic resin. Iqela lala macala lihlukaniswe zibe zizinto ezinqabileyo kwi-petroli. Babizwa ngokuba ngama-asphaltenes. Kwaye nakwizinto ezingenayo i-resins (i-resins).

- Umlotha. Ezi zinto zenziwa ngamakhemikhali ahlukeneyo ngexesha lobushushu lweoli.

Injongo

Le mveliso yintlobo ezimbini. Ngokunjalo, kukho ixabiso elingaqhelekanga kunye neoli ecocekileyo. Kwimeko yokuqala, sithetha into eyenziwa kwendalo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kubandakanya iziqhekeko zamatye, iigesi, amanzi kunye netyuwa. Ngenxa yokuba ezi zinto azivelisi nayiphi na into ebalulekileyo kubantu kwaye zilimaze izixhobo zabakhiqizi beoli, zilahla ngokucoca ioli.

Kusuka kule mineral, kwenziwa kwiplastiki, i-agents ecocekileyo, iipende, iziqhumane. Ioli yeoli kunye nophethiloli nazo ziveliswa kwioli. Namavili emoto ayaveliswa kule mineral. Amanye amayeza ayenziwa kwioli.

Le fossil iyimveliso yamanzi. Kwaye oku kuguqula amandla. Ngokuchanekileyo, umatshini, oomatshini, njl. Ukuba iindawo zokugcina ioli ziphelile, ngoko abantu baya kufuneka bafune indawo. Le nkunkuma iya kuba yinto engena endaweni ye-hydrogen equlethwe ngamanzi. Kodwa uluntu kufuneka lufunde indlela yokufumana amandla avela kwi-hydrogen. Okwangoku, izazinzulu zisebenza kule ngxaki.

Ifomu yeoli?

Masiqwalasele le ngongoma ngokubanzi. Kukho iingcamango ezimbini malunga nendlela i-oli eyakhiwa ngayo. Namhlanje banabo abachasi kunye nabaxhasayo phakathi kwenzululwazi.

Inyiyo yeNombolo 1 ibizwa ngokuba yi-biogenic. Ngokutsho kwakhe, inkqubo yokwenziwa kweoli yenziwa kwiindawo ezihlala eziphilayo zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo ezininzi kwizigidi ezininzi zeminyaka. Le ngqungquthela yenziwa kuqala ngososayensi odumile waseRashiya uMV Lomonosov.

Ukuphuhliswa komntu ngokukhawuleza kunomlinganiselo wokuveliswa kweoli. Ngoko ke, ngumthombo wendalo ongeke uhlaziywe. Ngokutsho kweengcamango ze-biogenic, ioli ngexesha elizayo liza kumile. Ezinye izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba ukutsalwa kwe "golide emnyama" kuya kuhlala kungaphantsi kweminyaka engama-30.

Enye inkolelo inethemba elikhulu kwaye linika ithemba kwiinkampani ezinkulu zeoli. Bayibiza ngokuba yi-abiogenic. Umsunguli wale ngcamango nguD.I. Mendeleev. Ngesinye isikhathi, emva kokutyelela iBaku, wadibana nomdumi wodumo owaziwayo uHerman Abich, owaba nengcamango yakhe kwindlela i-oli eyakhiwa ngayo. U-Abich uqaphele ukuba zonke idipozithi ezinkulu zale fossil zifumaneka ngokusondeleko kweentsilelo kunye neephene zomhlaba.

Ukuqwalasela le ngcaciso, uMendeleev wadala ingcamango yakhe ngendlela amafutha ohlobo ngayo. Ithi amanzi asemhlabeni angene ngaphakathi ekujuleni komhlaba ngokuqhekeka, asebenze ngesinyithi kunye ne-carbides. Ngenxa yoko, i-hydrocarbons yenziwe. Ziyakhula ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezifanayo kwihlabathi. Emva kwexesha, kule ndawo, kwintsimi yeoli. Le nkqubo ingapheli iminyaka engama-10.

Le ngcamango yendlela i-oli eyenziwe ngayo emhlabeni inika ilungelo lokunika ubungqina kwizenzululwazi ukuba isitokisi salo mfuyo siya kuhlala kwiinkulungwane ezininzi. Oko kukuthi, idipozithi zale maminerali ibuyiswa xa umntu eyeka ukuvelisa ixesha elithile. Akukwenzeki nakanjani ukwenza oku kwiimeko zokukhula kwabantu rhoqo. Elinye ithemba lihlala elitsha kwiifomethi ezintsha. Kuze kube yimini, umsebenzi uyenziwa ukufumanisa ubungqina bwakutshanje lwenyaniso ye-abiogenic theory. Usosayensi owaziwayo waseMoscow uye wabonisa ukuba ukuba nayiphi i-hydrocarbon ephethe ipolynaphthenic icandelo ishushu ifike kuma-degrees angama-400, kwaye i-oli ecocekileyo iya kukhutshwa. Le nyaniso inokuthenjwa.

Iimveliso zePetroleum

Kwi-laboratory, le mveliso ingafumaneka. Oku kuye kwafunyanwa kwiveli yokugqibela. Kutheni abantu bekhipha ioli ephantsi komhlaba, kwaye bangayifumananga ngokuqala? Inyaniso kukuba iya kuba nexabiso elikhulu lemarike. Akunenzuzo ukuyivelisa nhlobo.

Inyaniso yokuba le mveliso inokufumaneka phantsi kweemeko zelabhoratri, iqinisekisa ingcamango ephezulu ye-abiogenic. Kuye kwaxhaswa inkxaso ngabaninzi.

Ukusuka kwinto eyenziwe yerhasi yendalo

Cinga ngokuthelekisa imvelaphi yale mineral. Izidalwa eziphilayo ezifileyo, ezahla ukuya ezantsi kolwandle, zazihlala kwindawo engazange zitshatyalaliswe kuyo ngenxa ye-oxidation (akukho phantsi kwimoya kunye ne-oksijeni) okanye ngaphantsi kweempembelelo ze-microbes. Ngenxa yoko, i-sludge yenziwe kubo. Siyabulela ukunyakaza kwezinto eziphilayo, behla baya kunzulu, bangena ngaphakathi ngaphakathi. Ngaphezulu kwezigidi zeminyaka, ezi zidiphozithi zithotyelwe kumaqondo aphezulu kunye noxinzelelo. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo ethile yaqhutywa kule ndawo. Oko kukuthi, ikhabhoni elalikho kwiindawo ezinqabileyo yaguqulwa yaba ngama-hydrocarbons. Le nkqubo ayibalulekanga ekwakheni le nkunkuma.

Iimodeli eziphezulu ze-hydrocarbons zizinto ezimanzi. Kule, i-oli yenziwe. Kodwa i-hydrocarbons ephantsi kwee-molekliya zizinto zolu hlobo lwegesi. Kwimvelo, zininzi zazo. Kuphela kwanegesi yendalo nayo iyavela. Oku kuphela kufuna iimpompo eziphezulu kunye namaqondo okushisa. Ngoko ke, naphi na apho ioli ikhutshwa khona, igesi yendalo ihlala ikhoyo.

Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ezininzi iifomiti zalezi zaminerali ziye zafikelela bunzulu. Izigidi zeminyaka zivaliwe ngamatye e-sedimentary.

Ukugqiba ixabiso leoli

Makhe siqwalasele eli sigama. Ixabiso leoli linokufumaneka kwe-cash equivalence ratio. Kukho ubudlelwane obuthile. Oko kukuthi, ukuba ukunikezela kwehla, ngoko phambi kokuba ulunge kunye nokufuna, iindleko zanda.

Ixabiso leoli lixhomekeke kwi-quotation yexesha elizayo okanye iinkontrakthi zemveliso enikeziweyo yoluhlobo okanye olunye. Le nto ibalulekileyo. Ngombulelo kwi quotation yeoli, ngamanye amaxesha kunenzuzo yokuthengisa i-future in indices stock. Iindleko zalo mveliso kuboniswe kwifomathi yehlabathi. Ngokufanayo, kwiidola zase-US ngomgqomo. Ngoko, iindleko ze-45.50 kwi-UKOIL zithetha ukuba ibhondi engu-1 ye-Brent ixabiso libiza i-$ 45.50.

Ixabiso leoli libonakaliso ebaluleke kakhulu kwiimakethe zaseRashiya. Ukubaluleka kwayo kunempembelelo enkulu ekuphuhlisweni kwelizwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuguqulwa kwesi sibonakaliso kunqunywe kwiimeko zezoqoqosho eMelika. Oku kubalulekile ukwazi ukugqiba umbuzo wendlela umlinganiselo weoli owenziwe ngayo. Ukuze uqikelele ngokucacileyo ukutshintsha kwe-stock exchange, kufuneka uhlaziye iindleko zemaminerali ezinikezelwe ngexesha elithile (ngeveki), kwaye kungekhona nje intengo namhlanje.

Isiphumo

Zonke ezi ngasentla ziqulethe ulwazi oluninzi luncedo. Emva kokuba ufunde lo mbhalo, wonke umntu uya kukwazi ukusiqonda isisombululo sombuzo wendlela ioli kunye negesi yefomu kwimeko.