Glycerin - yintoni na le nto? Iimpawu kunye nemisebenzi iziyobisi. Indlela yokwenza glycerin?

Glycerin - a utywala trivalent. Oku kusetyenziswa amayeza, kushishino ukutya, izinto zokuthambisa kwaye ngokwenza dynamite. Yintoni iimpawu glycerol? Ndingakwazi ukumfunela nayo ekhaya?

Yintoni Glycerin?

Glycerin yinto into ephilayo kwaye utywala trihydric. ifomu yalo chemical Kubonakala ngathi C ₃ H _{8 3} okanye HOCH ₂ -CH (OH) -CH ₂ OH. Intsingiselo glycerol sihlobene ngqo iimpahla zazo. Eli gama livela kwigama lesiGrike elithi 'glycosylation "okanye" elimnandi', ngenxa incasa elimnandi into.

Glycerin - ulwelo ecacileyo, kunokuba viscous kunye esha ngokupheleleyo. Asinto ziyityhefu kwaye ayikho ezinobuhlungu, ngoko musa kubangela nawo nawuphi na ingozi ukudibana ngqo kunye nesikhumba. Kwimeko-bume yendalo glycerol yinxalenye amafutha ezilwanyana kwaye lufumaneka kakhulu amafutha. Inxalenye isuntswana kunjalo igazi lezilwanyana.

glycerin Okokuqala yabhaqwa 1783, xa yemichiza Carl Scheele wasebenza saponification kwamafutha ngoncedo oxide phambili. Ngeli ngokushushubeza le oxide kunye namafutha omnquma baqalisa ukwakha isisombululo isepha. Emva kokuba abe ngumphunga yayo kwakhiwa isiraphu encangathi amnandi.

izakhiwo

Le into uba hygroscopic eziphakamileyo, okt ukukwazi ukufunxa ukufuma baligcine. ukwandiswa kwendawo yokuhlala walo degrees 290 Celsius. Xa reflux, glycerin ngokomkhethe abole. Kubushushu degrees 362 ukuze bamane phemba. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, iyeza Akukho iipropati eguqukayo kodwa ngokomphushu xa itshiswe. Omlilo sikhatshwe ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kunye carbon dioxide.

Glycerin ayikho ezinyibilikayo ngamafutha, hydrocarbon kunye ezinkundleni, kodwa ngokugqibeleleyo enyibilikayo emanzini kunye alkoholi. Xa idityaniswa namanzi kwenzeka yindibanisela okanye ukuncitshiswa yobungakanani yesisombululo, kunye kuphuma ubushushu. Xa umxube onjalo, qhwa amanzi uvikivwa.

Nge izimbiwa kunye acids carboxylic Ulobumba esters glycerol. Xa ezingundoqo layo, lo nenqatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo ukutya uze wenze imisebenzi ebalulekileyo zebhayoloji emzimbeni yezilwanyana. Ezinye zazo, umzekelo, phospholipids.

Ester nayo glyceryl trinitrate. Le into eyenzeka xa indibaniselwano glycerol kunye oxide acid. Le ulwelo, olunamafutha ziyityhefu kwaye zivutha kakhulu novelwano ukuphululwa encinane.

Glycerol kunye hayidroksayidi ubhedu ukwenza isisombululo emnyama eluhlaza kunye ukupheliswa ngokupheleleyo kwenze, ebonisa ukuba iimpawu emuncu utywala. Glycerin uyakwazi dutywa alkoholi enuka kamnandi, kwealkali, iswekile, ityuwa kunye nezinye khompawundi eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo.

Iindlela yokulungisa

Eyokuqala kwimbali inkqubo yokuvelisa glycerol - a omylivanie. Wabonakala ekuqaleni kokusebenza yasekhemesti kweziyobisi Scheele. Isiphumo sale nkqubo isicombululo isepha kunye glycerol. Emva koko, kufuneka kwahlulwa enye kwenye, nto leyo kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa sodium chloride. Ngoko glycerol kuyimfuneko izokhula lingadlulanga ulwelo okanye carbon yasebenza.

Enye indlela kubandakanya ngokudibanisa amanzi nakwioli. Noxinzelelo ethile, ke ebushushwini babo siwagxobhagxobhe iiyure ezilishumi, zize zipholile. Emva olupholisa into yahlulwe ngokucacileyo ibe maleko emininzi emazantsi - legliserina ngamanzi eliphezulu - acid.

Iziyobisi kwakhona abalufumene haydrolisis carbohydrate, ezifana starch, kumasimi eswekile. Kodwa ke kwakhiwa na ulwelo aziqaqambile, kwaye umxube kunye glycols ezahlukeneyo.

Zonke ezi ndlela uncedo lokufumana ekuthiwa glycerin ukutya. Kuyinto azinabungozi kubantu yaye kongezwe ukulungiselela ukutya okuthile. Ngokwahlukileyo kulo, kwaye kukho legliserina zobugcisa. Le nto ayizange ifunyenwe zemifuno kunye nezinto yezilwanyana ekrwada, kunye propylene - igesi ukususela kakhulu ezidakumbisayo.

isicelo

Kunye nokutya, kwaye glycerin zobugcisa lisetyenziswa ebomini bethu. Lidla ngokusetyenziswa ukuba nokuveliswa nentlaka zokwenziwa. Nitroglycerin isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa dynamite kunye nezinye iziqhushumbisi. Xa amayeza, le nto inye inkulu ukuba iziyobisi, dilates imithambo yegazi.

Kushishino, isetyenziselwa wokwenziwa yephepha, isepha. Xa ukuvelisa umbane zonomathotholo ngexesha ngelotha ukuba ukhonza wampompoza. Glycerin isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa zeplastiki, iipeyinti zokwakha kunye ivanishi.

Kushishino yokutya kokuba libhaliswe njengoko additive E422. Le emulsifier, apho kuyimfuneko ukwandisa viscosity; kananjalo ekudaleni ulwazi lwendibanisela yamaqabane ezahlukeneyo. Ubuncwane lilungu ngamalungiselelo ezininzi zonyango ezisetyenziswa neekhatriji icuba elektroniki, lokuvelisa yekhandlela. Eziphilayo glycerol ezifunekayo lokulondolozwa zomzimba, amalungu, izinto kunye namalungiselelo yokwakheka.

Legliserina okuthambisa

Ngenxa glycerin igcina ukufuma, nto idla ngokusetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo iimveliso ukuthambisa ulusu kunye nokhathalelo iinwele. Efunyanwa kulo iisepha, xa izithambiso okunesondlo kunye amafutha.

Iziyobisi lingena singene sangaphandle, emanzini ebambe iiseli. Ngoko ke, oko engaphenduli ulusu ukuba yome kakhulu yaye zingasaphili. Kodwa futhi nezingalunganga. Isibakala sokuba umoya kunye nomoya owomileyo kakhulu (ngaphantsi kwe 65% ukufuma), legliserina uqalisa ukufunxa ukufuma nasesikhumbeni, ekufunxeni ngakumbi kuyo.

Ngokwesiqhelo cosmetologists musa yaleza ukusebenzisa kuyo ebusika. Ukongeza, enkulu ebalulekileyo. Ubukho wezixa ezincinane glycerol kwi cream iphucula kuphela iimpawu esikhumbeni. Kunye nezinye iimveliso lisetyenziswa zokupheka home iimaski kunye lotions. Ngokomzekelo, xa zidityaniswe ne-orenji kunye amanzi okuhlambulula elolonga, iinwele kunye esetyenziswa kunye iqanda, nobusi, neoli kukaCastor kunye nezinye izithako.

Indlela yokwenza glycerin?

Ndifuna ukuthenga glycerin. Kokuba iphekwe ekhaya. Oku kufuna amanqatha izilwanyana (1.9 kg), kwealkali (342 mg), amanzi (995 mg) kunye netyuwa. Amafutha zikwazi ukuthathwa inyama nasiphi na isilwanyana, asuse onke imithambo kunye imithambo yegazi. Kwaye ngoko thina senze ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• linyibilike namanqatha ubushushu medium phezu;
• eyiyeka ukuze kuphole degrees 35;
• ngesitya eyahlukileyo alungiselela kwealkali, ingabi nanto ngayo emanzini;
• lobushushu kwealkali kufuneka degrees-35, ngoko ke ngobunono ugalele ngenyameko kuselukhambeni ngamanqatha;
• ngokukhawuleza ushukumisa izithako vsyp ityuwa;
• baqhubeke 'ityuwa "baxhaya de mxube uqalisa uwahlule ube lulwelo ecacileyo kunye nesisombululo welifu, umi emazantsi phezulu;
• ukubamba umaleko lonke top - oku isepha, umaleko ephantsi - glycerol;
• thina lokucoca glycerol ngokusebenzisa ngesihlungulo okanye igozi ukususa amasuntswana amancinane isepha.

Ukuzibandakanya ekulungiseleleni glycerol yedwa kufuneka silumke kakhulu. Ukuxutywa ngamanzi le kwealkali itshiswe ngentla degrees 90. Kufuneka sisebenze iiglavu, iiglasi (umphunga) yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano kwealkali kwisikhongozeli okhethekileyo.