Yintoni uwase? Njani na inkqubo ngumphunga?

Ihlabathi esiphila - ephilayo ezihambelanayo, apho zonke iinkqubo kunye izenzakalo ziyaphila kunye nohlobo ezingaphiliyo musa kwenzeka kanye oko. Izazinzulu kwaba nokuba yokungenelela kwabantu minor ukuba utshintsho olukhulu. Nangona oku, bantu ukulibala ukuba, kakhulu, yinxalenye yehlabathi. Ngokuphathelele olu tshintsho ukuthatha indawo abantu xa iyonke.

Zonke iinkqubo yobomi ngezimanga zendalo ziya kuqalisa ukubafundisa abantwana sele esikolweni, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu ukuba baqhubele phambili ukuqonda kwabo into eyenzekayo emhlabeni. Njengoko usazi, umxholo othi "komphunga" (Grade 8) efundwayo kwi-sikhokelo kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, xa sele bekulungele ukucinga iingxaki abafundi.

Njengokuba kwenzeka uwase

Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba abe ngumphunga ezinjalo. Esi simo ukuguqulwa izinto ezahlukeneyo ukuyondelelana karhulumente zomphunga okanye igesi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba inkqubo ithatha indawo kubushushu efanelekileyo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, phantsi kweemeko zendalo, izinto ezininzi (zombini okuqinileyo kwaye engamanzi) ngenkankulu komphunga okanye ukwenza njalo ngokucothayo kakhulu. Kodwa kukho imizekelo, umzekelo, camphor kwaye uninzi ulwelo ukuba aphele kwi eziqhelekileyo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Ngoko ke, zibizwa aziphethe ngayo. Le nkqubo onokubonwa nge ivumba, t. K. abaninzi umzimba ityhefu.

Le komphunga ulwelo (amanzi, utywala) kungenziwa ilandelwe ngokondela kwakhe ixesha elithile. Ke iqala kunciphiso umthamo kweziyobisi.

Isiseko eziphilayo emhlabeni

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba amanzi - yinxalenye kokusekwa kwehlabathi. Ngaphandle kokuba akunakwenzeka hayi, t. To. Zonke izinto eziphilayo ezenziwe ngamanzi 75%.

Le compound othile, ogama na iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga. Makubulelwe kuphela mgaqweni yale meko kungenzeka ukuba uphile ngendlela ngoku kukho phezu planethi.

Uluntu wayenomdla lo mmangaliso ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. sobulumko Okuninzi Aristotle ngenkulungwane IV BC, wathi loo manzi - kuba kukuqala yonke into. Omatshini Dutch Ngenkulungwane XVII physics, imathematika, yaye ngeenkwenkwezi umqambi Kucetyiswa ukuba ufake i okuza Huygens amanzi ice thawing abilayo namanqanaba eziphambili isikali sokulinganisa ubushushu. Kodwa yintoni na komphunga abantu bafunda lukhulu kamva. Ngowe-1783, isazinzulu French kanye umsunguli zemichiza mihla Lavoisier olunokuveliswa ifomula - H2O.

iipropati amanzi

Enye iimpawu ezimangalisayo le nto - isakhono H2O ezikhoyo States ezintathu ezahlukeneyo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo:

• oluqinileyo (ice);
• flowable;
• sukube (ulwelo ngumphunga).

Ukongeza, lexinene amanzi liphezulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto, kwakunye nobushushu vaporization nobushushu afihlakeleyo elikhulu fusion (isixa ubushushu ukufunxile okanye akhululwe).

E H2O kukho omnye umgangatho - ukukwazi iyahluka utshintsho mninzi salo izikhombisi susumeta. Kwaye eyona nto iphawulekayo kukuba, ukuba lo mali wayengekho, umkhenkce ababa ukuqubha, neelwandle, iilwandle, imilambo namachibi xa ngumkhenkce zonke ezantsi. Ke ubomi emhlabeni ayisekho, kuba lelokuqala yokusabela amachibi iintsholongwane.

H2O umjikelezo endalweni

Njani le nkqubo? Le Ukubolekisa yinkqubo eqhubekayo, okt. A. Kwihlabathi, yonke into ezihambelanayo. Ngoncedo komjikelo, iimeko ngobukho kunye nophuhliso yobomi. Oku kwenzeka phakathi kwezidumbu amanzi, umhlaba kunye nomoya. Ngokomzekelo, xa amafu zingqubane umoya obandayo ukuba amathontsi ezinkulu, kamva esiwa ukwakha neetyuwa. Ngoko ke inkqubo komphunga apho ilanga kumo-moya emhlabeni, amadama, kwaye ulwelo liphuma phezulu emoyeni.

Izihluma ithatha ukufuma emhlabeni kunye namanzi ujikeleziswe avela kumphezulu amagqabi. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba transpiration kwaye yinkqubo ngokwasemzimbeni eziphilayo.

Emoyeni, kugcwale umphunga kwaye zibekwe kufutshane emhlabeni, ngoko wenza lula ngakumbi aqalile ukuya wobomi. amathontsi amanzi amancinci emoyeni kuyacuthwa malunga zonke iintsuku ezisibhozo okanye ezisithoba.

• Ukuvela komphunga luhlobo kwenzeka ngenxa kumjikelo, kwaye oko yinto yinxenye ebalulekileyo H2O kwegazi Nature. Le nkqubo ukuyiguqula amanzi bekwimo engamanzi okanye eziqinileyo ibe igesi kunye nokwamkelwa umphunga wondela ingafikeleleki emoyeni.

Abe ngumphunga kunye uwase

Kwaye yintoni umahluko ingqiqo ka "hexa 'yaye' abe ngumphunga '? Okokuqala, cinga kwikota yokuqala. Esi sisalathisi kwiindawo lwemozulu, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ulwelo kangakanani ngumphunga ukusuka kumphezulu ukuya ubuninzi. Njengoko iindawo efumileyo ezifana amanqaku G. N. Vysotsky ibandakanya kwezulu ratio ukuya hexa, oko luphawu oluphambili zemozulu.

Kukho kwakhona sixhomekeke ethile: ukuba hexa ngaphantsi, sithambile elide. Le nkqubo ichazwe apha usekwe phezu emoyeni ukufuma, isantya somoya kwaye buxhomekeke kubo.

Yintoni uwase? Le meko, olwenzeka ngexesha loguqulelo kwezinto lulwelo kwisigaba ethile ibe engumphunga okanye igesi. Isiphumo reverse le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ngamanzi. Ukuba thelekisa la mabini, ngokulula ichazwa ukuze abe ngumphunga amanzi okanye ice resources.

Inkqubo uwase: iimeko

Emoyeni, kukho kusoloko kukho umlinganiselo othile H2O iimolekyuli. Le rate kuyahlukana ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile yaye kuthiwa nokufuma. Le ratio, eligqala isixa umphunga wamanzi apha emoyeni. Ngokuxhomekeka oku, iindawo imozulu ezahlukeneyo. Ukufuma yonke. Kukho iindidi ezimbini kulo:

1. Absolute - inani iimolekyuli zamanzi kwenye cubic meter umoya.
2. Relative - ipesenti umphunga emoyeni. Umzekelo, ukuba ukufuma yi-100%, nto leyo ithetha ukuba umoya ugcwele ngokupheleleyo amasuntswana ngamanzi.

Uphakamile ubushushu komphunga, kungona molekyuli H2O eziqulathwe emoyeni. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukufuma isihlobo ekufudumaleni kwemini iya kuba-90%, ngoko oku sisalathisi ukuba umoya izele zamathontsana entle kakhulu.

ethile

Umzekelo, kwigumbi apho ukufuma phezulu, amanzi ukuma kulo, akuyi emoyeni konke konke. Nangona, ukuba umoya owomileyo, inkqubo Ukwanda yomphunga iya kuba rhoqo logama nje ekugqibeleni luzele. Ukuba Ukupholisa ngesiquphe umphunga wamanzi umoya, nto leyo befumile phambi kokuba uya volatilize ngaphandle kokuma kwaye azinze ngohlobo umbethe. Kodwa kwimeko ngokushushubeza umoya apho desensitised ngokwaneleyo, inkqubo saturation iphinde.

Ayanda t °, lo ngumphunga kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi, kwaye kananjalo kwandisa ekuthiwa-uxinzelelo umphunga apho isithuba Igcwele. Iqondo kwenzeka phantsi imeko apho uxinzelelo engumphunga lilingana luthambe ze gesi ojikeleze ulwelo. Ingongoma ukubila kuyahlukana nedlela xi igesi ngeenxa lube lukhulu ngaphezu xa liphuma.

Indlela fast ke ngumphunga

Njengoko yaziwa, amanzi kwinkqubo ukuguqulwa yomphunga inxulumene ngqo kubukho ulwelo. Ngenxa yoko, nathi zishwankathela ukuba le nto kubaluleke kakhulu okusingqongileyo kunye noshishino.

Kwinkqubo ireyithi zokufunda kunye nokulinga ngumphunga wafunyanwa. Ukongeza, kuba uyazi ezinye iziganeko ezihamba ngayo. Kodwa zikhangeleka ziphikisana kakhulu amaxesha angoku kwaye nangoku akucacanga na ubunjani bawo.

Qaphela ukuba izinga ngumphunga kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi. Kungangena:

• ubukhulu kunye ukuma container;
• sezulu zokusingqongileyo;
• t ° ulwelo;
• womoya;
• ukwakheka kunye nemvelaphi ngesakhiwo wamanzi;
• uhlobo wobuso apho komphunga kwenzeka;
• Ezinye nezinye izizathu, ezifana umbane engamanzi.

Kwakhona phezu kwamanzi

• Ukuvela komphunga luhlobo lwenziwa ukusuka naphi na apho kukho lulwelo: amachibi, amachibi, izinto ezimanzi, Azigubungele izidumbu zabantu kunye nezilwanyana, amagqabi kunye nezikhondo kwezityalo.

Ngokomzekelo, kajongilanga ebudeni bobomi babo elifutshane unika umoya ukufuma ngesantya seelitha ezili-100. Kunye neelwandle ze iplanethi yethu yakhululwa malunga 450.000 cubic metres ulwelo ngonyaka ngamnye.

iqondo lobushushu uwase Water kunokuba na. Kodwa xa ifika ezifudumeleyo, inkqubo transfer ulwelo kwandiswa. Qaphela ukuba ngethuba kukubalela izadunge ihlobo phezu lome ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunokuba entwasahlobo okanye bawe. Ke ukuba esitratweni kunomoya, ngoko, ngokulandelelana, ngokunzima komphunga ingeniso ngaphezu kwiimeko apho umoya ezolile. Lo mhlaba ke ikhephu ice kuye. Ukuba singaxhoma i yokuhlamba ukuba yome ngaphandle ebusika, oko kuya iqhwa kuqala, uze emva koko iintsuku ezimbalwa ukuba zome.

lobushushu uwase Water ka-100 ° C mba kakhulu, apho inkqubo egama liluphumeza iziphumo ezingcono. Ngeli xesha, zokupheka kwenzeka xa ulwelo gqitha ngababini - transparent, igesi ongabonakaliyo.

Xa sijonga phantsi ngemicroscope, ngoko iqulathe molekyuli owodwa H2O, usebenziso, okanye kude enye kwenye. Kodwa xa umoya zipholile, umphunga wamanzi iyabonakala, umzekelo inkungu okanye umbethe. Xa umoya, le nkqubo inokubonakalisa phakathi kwamafu ezibonakala ngenxa ukuguqulwa amathontsi amanzi kule ice crystals ezibonakalayo.

Izibalo uhlobo

Ngoko ke, yintoni na komphunga, siye wafumanisa. Ngoku siphawula into yokuba ngokusondeleyo elidityaniswe lobushushu lomoya. Ngenxa yoko, kwisithuba seentsuku nani liphezulu cubic meter yamanzi is kuguquka ngomphunga malunga emini enkulu. Ukongeza, le nkqubo kakhulu kakhulu kwezi nyanga zishushu. Unyaka-on-komphunga lomjikelo inamandla uyabonakala phakathi ehlotyeni, lo gama songqamano uya ubusika.

Umntu ngamnye unoxanduva okusingqongileyo. Ukuze uqonde le umgwebo, kuyimfuneko ukuba baqonde ubalo olulula. Cinga nje into ethethwa ngumntu malunga namandla wabo ngokunxulumene nokuthintela iintlekele yokusingqongileyo kwaye ukholelwa ukuba unako ukwenza nto. Kodwa ukuba phinda zibe omnye kancinane kwi zomntu 6.5 bhiliyoni. Abantu emhlabeni, kucacile, kutheni le nokuqiqa.