Irene Joliot-Curie: ibhayografi emfutshane, iifoto

Irène Joliot-Curie (photo ibonisa kamva kweli nqaku) - intombi enkulu Marie Pierre Curie izazinzulu idumileyo wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel Chemistry ngo-1935 ngenxa ukufunyanwa kwakhe nendoda yakhe ubuthi ngumntu. Waqala umsebenzi wakhe lwezenzululwazi Njengomncedisi uphando Radium Institute e Paris, eyasekwa ngabazali bakhe, kungekudala yatshintsha umama wakhe waba umphathi wakhe. Apho wadibana nendoda yakhe kunye neqabane ubomi zenzululwazi Frederikom Zholio. Njengomgaqo, kukusayina iziphumo zabo indibaniselwano iifani zabo.

Irene Joliot-Curie: ibhayografi emfutshane

Irene wazalwa ngomhla 12/09/1897 eParis entsatsheni kaMariya abaphumelele Nobel Prize , uPierre Curie. ebuntwaneni kwakuyinto engaqhelekanga - nokwanda kwenzeka kwinkampani izazinzulu ezikrelekrele. Abazali satshata ngo-1895 yaye ubomi bakhe physics, ukuqhuba ucwaningo elebhu yakhe yemisebe. UMariya Kyuri waba esengozini ukufunyanwa Radium, xa Irene omncinane, okanye "ukumkanikazi yakhe encinane," njengoko uninazala kuthiwa intombi yakhe, yaba iinyanga nje ezimbalwa ubudala.

Le ntombazana ukhulele hayi iminyaka, kodwa engumntwana oneentloni. Yena unesikhwele kakhulu wayevela unina wakhe, lixakeke rhoqo kunye imifuniselo zabo. Xa, emva kokusebenza nzima imini yonke kwilebhu, "nguKumkanikazi" wadibana unina wakhe wakhathazeka, iziqhamo ngenkani, uMariya ajike waza waya emarikeni ukuzalisekisa umnqweno intombi yakhe. Emva kokufa ngesiquphe ngengozi uyise wayo Pierre ngo-1908, nempembelelo enkulu kwi Irene waqalisa sizibhokoxe utatomkhulu wakhe phezu uyise Ezhen Kyuri. Wafundisa bakhe Botany umzukulwana kunye nembali yemvelo, xa wachitha ihlobo ezilalini. Curie uSister waye lolohlobo ezinkulu sezopolitiko kunye kubukho bukaThixo, yaye wancedisa ukwenza mazwi leftist Irene nokudelelwa nqulo.

imfundo ziwela

imfundo Curie kwakunzima emangalisayo. Unina wabona ukuba Irene kunye nodadewabo omncinci wakhe Eva Denise (1904 p.) Made umthambo nasengqondweni yonke imihla. Amantombazana zaba umphathi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba Mam Curie akazange imvume yokungena izikolo, uye waququzelela uqeqesho co-operative, apho oonyana iingcali edume Paris Sorbonne weza izifundo elebhu. Umama Irene wamfundisa physics, kunye nezinye oogxa yayo edumileyo wafundisa izibalo, imichiza, iilwimi kunye imikrolo. Kungekudala Irene waye ubalalseleyo nolwazi ogqwesileyo zemvelo chemistry. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, Noko ke, xa wayeneminyaka 14, op sele liqengqiwe phezulu, le ntwazana amkelwe kwisikolo sabucala, College Sevigne, yaye kungekudala wafumana isatifiketi. Waye wachitha zasehlotyeni elunxwemeni okanye ezintabeni, maxa wambi kwi nkampani zabantu abadumileyo ezifana Albert Einstein kunye nonyana wakhe. Ke Irene weza Sorbonne yokufundela ukuba ngumongikazi.

Sebenza ngaphambili

Ngexesha yokuQala yeHlabathi Mam Curie waya ngaphambili, apho izixhobo ezitsha X-ray ezisetyenziselwa ukunyanga yamajoni. Kungekudala intombi bafunda ukusebenzisa izixhobo efanayo, wasebenza kunye nonina, baza kamva bebodwa. Irene, uneentloni kwaye kunokuba bazikhethe kwindalo, uzolile kwaye linomoya xa sijamelene nengozi. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-21, waba umncedisi ukuya kukanina Radium Institute. Uye wafunda ukusebenzisa ngobuchule kwigumbi efini, isixhobo eyenza iyabonakala amasuntswana eziziziqalelo ngokusebenzisa umzila phantsi amathontsi amanzi, apho bahambe umendo yeentshukumo zabo.

Ukuqala imisebenzi yesayensi

Xa 1920 Ekuqaleni, emva kokuba uloyiso kweli ziko eUnited States kunye nomama wakhe kunye nodadewabo, Iren Kyuri waqala ukwenza igalelo layo elebhu. Ukusebenza kunye uFernand Holweck, umlawuli yolawulo iziko, wayeqhuba amalinge eziliqela kunye Radium, iziphumo yapapashwa ngowe-1921 xa umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala. Ngo-1925 igqibile ithisisi zobugqirha yakhe kwimitha alpha of ಪೇನ್ ipheyini, isici, apho wavula abazali bayo. nabo abaninzi elebhu, kuquka umyeni wakhe, waba ngathi uyise uyakwazi phantse ezenzekelayo ukusebenzisa izixhobo. Frederick wayeminyaka embalwa ongaphantsi kwe Irene yaye kungekho amava nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zesayensi. Xa wabuzwa ukuba umxelele malunga radioactivity yena, waqalisa ngendlela kunokuba krwada, kodwa kungekudala baqalisa ukwenza iin- elide kweli lizwe. Esi sibini satshata ngo-1926 kwaye bagqiba ukusebenzisa igama edityanisiweyo Joliot-Curie, emva kokuba abazali bakhe odumileyo.

babambisane

Nobel imbali Irène Joliot-Curie kunye nomyeni wakhe Frederic waqala ukuqhuba uphando ngokudibeneyo. Bobabini esayiniweyo umsebenzi wabo lwenzululwazi, kwanasemva 1932, uIrene wamiselwa intloko kwelebhu. Emva kokufunda malunga experiments zezazinzulu German Walter Bothe noHans Becker agxile physics enyukliya - intsimi lenzululwazi, leyo lisathukuza yayo. Kuphela Ekuveleni kwenkulungwane, oosonzululwazi bafumanisa ukuba athom babe inucleus engundoqo eliquka protons kakuhle ityala. Ngaphandle abantu kakubi amacala electron. Abazali Irene imisebe akundincina, into leyo kwenzeka xa eziba izinto ezithile ayikhuphi yamasuntswana okanye amandla. Eyokuqala i amasuntswana alpha yomgrayo ngokwentelekiso efana yingxenye ye atom helium amaxabiso ezintle ezimbini. Xa umsebenzi wayo, ibhaso le-Nobel Prize, i Curie Omkhulu wafumanisa ukuba ezinye izinto radioactive ayikhuphi amasuntswana rhoqo, qho enokuxelwa kwangaphambili.

fusion nuclear

Xa ilebhu yakhe, Irene Joliot-Curie waba ukufikelela kwimali elikhulu kakhulu izinto radioactive ehlabathini, oko kukuthi ಪೇನ್ ipheyini, vula abazali bakhe. Le Ingxenye chemical okhupha amasuntswana alpha leyo Irene noFrederick wayedla ngokundibuza ezahlukeneyo izinto. Ngowe-1933, bona ebezihamba komongo aluminiyam. Umphumo waba phosphorus eqhumayo. Aluminium jikelele iye protons 13 kodwa xa sibukela amasuntswana alpha amaxabiso ezintle ezimbini kernel ufumana protons ngakumbi, ukwakha phosphorus. Oku kubangela imichiza isiqalelo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka yendalo - kwaba Isotope yakhe eqhumayo.

Abaphandi ihlolwe radiation indlela alpha kunye nezinye izinto, wafumanisa ukuba xa amasuntswana alpha zingqubane kunye athom zenza zweni inkalo kunye nenani elikhulu protons. Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie ukudala yemisebe ngumntu. Bona ingxelo isenzeko of the Academy of Sciences ngo-Januwari 1934.

I Nobel Prize

Ivula Joliot-Curie kwakubaluleke kakhulu hayi kuphela inzululwazi esulungekileyo, kodwa izicelo zayo ezininzi. Ngowe-1930, izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezininzi radioactive zifunyenwe, ezazisetyenziswa njengabamakishi kuxilongo zonyango, kwakunye ukuhlola ezininzi. Indlela impumelelo kwenza ezinye izazinzulu ukuba zizame ukukhululwa amandla enyukliya.

Yaba umzuzwana bittersweet for Irene Joliot-Curie. Lime uvuyo olungathethekiyo, kodwa umama ogulayo wayesazi ukuba intombi yakhe kulindeleke ukuba ingqalelo, kodwa yena wafa ngoJulayi waloo nyaka wegazi okubangelwa kukungakhuseleki ixesha elide ukuya kwimitha. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva Joliot-Curie wafunda ngolwabiwo Nobel Prize. Nangona yemvelo zenyukliya, isibini lafumana ibhaso chemistry ngenxa neziphumo bakufumeneyo kweli candelo.

Ukongeza, Irene kunye Frederic baba nabanini izidanga ezininzi yekhethelo kunye namagosa iButho iMbeko. Kodwa ezi onomvuzo phantse aziphazamiseki. ukufunda Imibongo, ukuqubha, usiya, Ukuskiya kunye nokunyuka izinto Sasikuthanda, Irene Joliot-Curie. Abantwana Hélène and Pierre wakhula, waza waba nomdla iintshukumo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. KuTixo ayenemibono leftist, uIrene wayesele sisilwela lovoto yabafazi. Yena waba usekela ngumlungiseleli kurhulumente Popular Front Leona Blyuma ngo-1936, emva koko wonyulwa uprofesa e Sorbonne ngo-1937.

ingaphezulu besaphula

Ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi wayo entsimini wezenzululwazi ngasekupheleni 1930, Irene Joliot-Curie waqhuba ulingelo nge bombardment neutron of nuclei uranium. Nge umhleli wakhe Pavlom Savichem yena wabonisa ukuba uranium zingasasazwa kwezinye izinto eqhumayo. experiment zakhe kwavula indlela enye yamachiza Otto Hahn, owaba ukuba bombardment uranium neutron walhule ibe athom ezimbini ubunzima efana. Le meko yaba sisiseko isicelo practical yamandla atom - kuba isizukulwana amandla enyukliya kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya.

Ekuqaleni yeSibini yeHlabathi Irene waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe e Paris, nangona umyeni wakhe Frederick waya ngaphantsi komhlaba. Bobabini yinxalenye yentlangano ukumelana isiFrentshi, yaye ngowe-1944, abantwana Irene kaThixo waya eSwitzerland. Emva kwemfazwe, wamiswa intloko Radium Institute, kwakunye njengoko kugunyaziswa kwiprojekthi yenukliya French. Uchithe iintsuku zakhe elabhoratri, yaye waqhubeka ukunika izifundo kunye nokwenza ngezi isihloko imisebe, nangona impilo yakhe ngokuthe ngcembe yonakale.

Irene Joliot-Curie: A nkqubo Biography

Frederick, ilungu le-Party wamaKomanisi ukususela 1942, wagxothwa yi yintloko French Atomic Energy Commission. Emva koko, esi sibini waqalisa ukuxhasa ukusetyenziswa amandla enyukliya endleleni yoxolo. Irene waba lilungu le-World Uxolo kwiBhunga, yaye wayesiya eSoviet Union. Yaba ukuphakama "IMfazwe", yaye ngenxa yemisebenzi zopolitiko Irene walelwa ubulungu kwi American Chemical Society, isicelo oko bafaka ngo-1954 igalelo lakhe lokugqibela physics wayeza kunceda ekudalweni a namafutha yamasuntswana enkulu kunye laboratory Orsay, emazantsi Paris, ngo-1955. impilo yakhe yayisiba, kwaye 3/17/56 Irene Joliot-Curie wafa, ezifana unina, wegazi ngenxa idosi radiation enkulu iyonke.