Yintoni yintsholongwane? Yintoni le nkqubo ibandakanya?

Abameli zobukumkani iintsholongwane - iqela elikhethekileyo zezinto eziphilayo. Kufuneka nje isakhiwo ezizodwa kakhulu, kodwa ebonakala yi ukutya ethile. Kweli nqaku, siza kuhlolisisa ifomu ubomi ACELLULAR - yintsholongwane. Oko kuba iphindaphindeka yaye yintoni indima onayo indalo, uya kufunda ngokuyifunda.

Ukufunyanwa zezinto eziphilayo non-cellular

Isazinzulu Russian nguDmitry Ivanovsky ngo-1892 wafunda lwegciwane lwesifo icuba - icuba emihle. Wafumanisa ukuba arhente yayintsholongwane eyosulela ayikho intsholongwane, kwaye luhlobo ekhethekileyo, kamva igama le ntsholongwane. Xa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 eziphilayo khange iimikroskopu kunye nokugqama ezisetyenziswayo, ukuze nzulu nako ukuthi ikhona molecule yintsholongwane, ngokunjalo ukuze ubone uze uchaze oko. Emva kukudala electron microscope kwinkulungwane yama-20, ihlabathi wabona abameli yokuqala ubukumkani entsha, kuba unobangela izifo ezininzi eziyingozi kunye amalahle kwabantu, kwakunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo: izilwanyana, izityalo, iintsholongwane.

Indawo iintlobo ezingezizo cellular kwi Taxonomy zasendle

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, ezi zinto ziphilayo zidibene kungena yesihlanu ebukumkanini wendalo - iintsholongwane. Le morphological ephambili features uphawu iintsholongwane - akukho sakhiwo zeselula. Kude kube ngoku, ihlabathi yenzululwazi akayeki ingxoxo kwi enoba iintlobo ezingezizo cellular of eziphilayo ngengqiqo ngokupheleleyo kwikota. Ngapha koko, zonke izenzo pathways ukuba kunokwenzeka kuphela emva kokuba ukungena ibe eliphilayo. Ukuza kuthi ga iintsholongwane benza ngathi izinto zemvelo ezingaphiliyo: azinayo reactions pathways, abayi zizala. Ngenkulungwane yama-20, izazinzulu, uluhlu lonke mibuzo: Yintoni yintsholongwane, yintoni na iqokobhe layo, nto leyo ibekwe ngaphakathi kwisuntswana ntsholongwane? Iimpendulo ezafunyanwayo ngenxa iminyaka yophando kunye amalinge, esebenza njenge isiseko ingqeqesho lwenzululwazi olutsha. Oku kuvele ekudibaneni kwe eziphilayo kunye amayeza, kwaye sibizwa ngumzuzu.

iimpawu zezakhiwo

Ibinzana elithi "yonke misebenzi ilula" okwe ngqo iifom ubomi non-cellular. Le ntsholongwane iquka iimolekyuli asidi acid - DNA okanye RNA, iiproteins camera ndizayo. Yena akanayo eyakho inkqubo yalo synthesizing amandla protini. Ngaphandle iseli host yintsholongwane azinazo naziphi na iimpawu ephilileyo: akukho ukuphefumla, akukho ukukhula, akukho ucaphuka okanye ukuzala. Ukuze konke oku kwabakho, kuthatha kuphela enye into ukufumana ixhoba - iseli eliphilileyo, ukuba ndizinyathele yokucolwa yakhe nucleic acid yaye ekugqibeleni utshabalalise. Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, imvulophu Iprothini intsholongwane ubunjwe iimolekyuli ekubeni nesakhiwo wayalela (iintsholongwane ezilula).

Ukuba nokwakhiwa yeqokobhe olubandakanya subunits lipoprotein, ezo eneneni yinxalenye inwebu cytoplasmic-mkhosi yeseli, loo iintsholongwane zibizwa ngokuba ambaxa (agents of ingqakaqha hepatitis B). Amaninzi kumphezulu inwebu le ntsholongwane angene kunye glycoproteins. Besenza umsebenzi umkhosi esandleni sakhe. Ngenxa yoko, njengokuba iqokobhe, kwaye intsholongwane ngokwawo kwenziwa molecule icandelo organic - protein nucleic (DNA okanye RNA).

Indlela virus ukungena kwizisele eziphilayo

Ngaphambilana siye Wajonga iimpawu noshowo iqokobhe sisidleleli intracellular. A intsholongwane iqulathe emvelo kunye arhente eziphilayo, nesakhiwo sayo umphezulu iqulethe iiproteni ezizodwa, plasmalemma ukuqaphela eliphilayo. Ngoko ke, iintlobo ezingezo-cellular kuchaphazela ezithile iindidi kwiiseli ze kweentlobo ezithile eziphilayo. Umzekelo, iintsholongwane isifo canine musa ukuma iingozi kwimpilo yabantu. Ngaphakathi sisidleleli engena iseli ngeendlela ezininzi:

1. Ukudityaniswa emvulophini wayo iseli inwebu (influenza virus).
2. Ngu pinocytosis (arhente causative izilwanyana nepoliyo).
3. Emva kokuba umonakalo yeseli eludongeni (iintsholongwane sisityalo).

ukuphindaphindwa iintsholongwane

Xa amaphelo hit ebuhlanti, acid molecule yayo nangenucleic, ukuverha kwigenome nucleus, ukudlulisa ulwazi malunga isakhiwo amasuntswana protein umnyele biosynthesis neeproteni zakhe. Isebenzisa molekyuli ribosome ka ATP, tRNA host cell. Ngaxeshanye, iseli eyosulelwe yi reduplication kolwazi zamafa. Khumbula ukuba protein nucleic acid iintsholongwane luqulathe kuthiwa elula. amasuntswana zabo ziquka RNA, leyo nangoko enxibelelana subunits ribosomal weeseli host kwaye ukhuthaza ukuba biosynthesis of molecule kwiproteni ntsholongwane.

Isiphumo uhlaselo pathogen kwiseli uba ambaxa DNA okanye RNA amasuntswana wentsholongwane egazini kunye protein yabo. Ngoko ke, intsholongwane elisandul 'ukusekwa iquka iimolekyuli acid nangenucleic, amasuntswana wawutyabeka wayalela proteids. Le inwebu yomkhosi iseli ibhuqiwe, iseli iyafa, kodwa kuvele iintsholongwane ziphatha kwiiseli sempilweni komzimba.

Reverse phenomenon reduplication

Ekuqaleni isifundo abameli zobukumkani ubulumko iintsholongwane iqanjwa iiseli, kodwa experiments D. Ivanovsky wabonisa ukuba kwamagciwane ayikwazi zizakubalulwa ngoncedo okucoca ekuzakuqalwa: i kwamagciwane ndacanda pores zabo wabonakala filtrate, abaseleyo iipropati ngolunya.

izifundo Ezinye ziye zasekwa ngenxa yokuba intsholongwane ubunjwe molecule izinto eziphilayo kwaye obonisa iimpawu emiyo kuphela emva kokuba umthondo yayo ngqo kwi kwiseli. Kuyo, siqala ukuba ande. Uninzi iintsholongwane RNA iphinda njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, kodwa ezinye zazo, ezifana intsholongwane kaGawulayo, kuba DNA kuyondelelaniswe kwi ngumongo host cell. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba ukuphindaphindeka umva. Okulandelayo, xa zinemoletyhule DNA iya kuhlanganiswa RNA-ntsholongwane, kodwa kufuneka uqale indibano subunits protein wentsholongwane egazini, ukwakha imvulophu yayo.

iimpawu bacteriophages

Yintoni a bacteriophage - iseli okanye intsholongwane? Yintoni na le fomu non-cellular ubomi? Iimpendulo zale mibuzo zezi zilandelayo: kuba yintsholongwane yosulela eziphilayo prokaryotic kuphela - iintsholongwane. Ubume kunokuba yayo yinqobo kuye. Le ntsholongwane ubunjwe iimolekyuli ukwimo organic kwaye uwahlule ube zahlulo zithathu: intloko, intonga (Case) kunye nomsonto ihamba. Kule ngxenye ephambili - intloko - yinto molecule DNA. Ityala ilandelayo ukuba apho umngxuma umngxuma. ngomsonto Caudal esiqhotyoshelweyo kuso, inika uqhagamshelwano yintsholongwane receptor ngeso iplasma ndizayo igciwane. Umgaqo yokusebenza ufana isirinji bacteriophage. Emva ukunciphisa zifikelela iproteni DNA bayaphoswa intonga nomgodi koko lesitofu kukho icytoplasm of weseli ekujoliswe kulo. Ngoku igciwane elosulelekileyo uya nokulungelelanisa le DNA wentsholongwane egazini kunye neeproteni, nto leyo eya ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ekufeni kwalo.

Njengoko ephilayo ukhusela ngokuchasa amagciwane

Nature kuye kwabangela izixhobo ezizodwa zokhuseleko, ephikisanayo izifo egazini izityalo, izilwanyana kunye nabantu. Amagciwane ngokwabo waqonda iiseli yabo ezisegazini. Ukuphendula yobukho ukwakha umzimba uvelisa immunoglobulins - antibodies zokuzikhusela. Amalungu amajoni omzimba - thymus, iindawo nkovu - ukuphendula ekuhlaselweni wentsholongwane kwaye igalelo kuphuhliso iiproteni zokuzikhusela - interferon. Ezi izinto zinqanda ukukhula amasuntswana entsholongwane kwaye zinqanda ukwanda lwabo. Zombini ezi ntlobo ze reactions zokhuseleko kuxoxwe ngasentla zinxulumene nezifo humoral. Olunye uhlobo yokhuseleko - cell. iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi, macrophage, neutrophils ufunxe amasuntswana intsholongwane kwaye ninamathele kubo.

virus meaning

Ngoko akukho mfihlelo ukuba ikakhulu negative. Ezi yamasuntswana ultra-yayintsholongwane eyosulela (15 ukuya 450 NM), ibonakala kuphela neemicroscope electron ubangela isipha lwezifo ezinobungozi kunye amalahle ngaphandle eziphilayo kokukhetha ekhoyo ehlabathini. Ngoko, kwi iintsholongwane yabantu kuchaphazela amalungu zibalulekile kunye neenkqubo, ezifana luvo (umgada, kobuchopho, ipoliyo) omzimba (AIDS), sokugaya (hepatitis), izifo (influenza, adenoinfektsii). Izilwanyana ukufumana necilishe lokugula, isibetho, kunye nezityalo - iindidi necrosis, nezirhwexu, emihle.

Ukwahluka ngabameli nabukumkani ingathumelanga kufundwe de kube sekupheleni. Le ubungqina kukuba kude kube ngoku ufumane iintlobo ezintsha iintsholongwane kwaye ukuhlola sifo ngaphambili nazo. Ngokomzekelo, kwinkulungwane yama-20 e-Afrika kwafunyaniswa Zika yintsholongwane. Le ise umzimba iingcongconi ukuba bosulelekile xa ilume abantu kunye nezinye izilwanyana. Iimpawu zesi sifo zibonisa ukuba le arhente luchaphazela ngokuyintloko iinxalenye inkqubo luvo kunye noonobangela microcephaly lweentsana. Abantu babethwele le ntsholongwane, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba ezinokudala ingozi amahlulelana abo, njengoko yezonyango ingxelo amatyala ukudluliselwa ngokwesondo sifo.

Yi indima ezintle iintsholongwane ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwazo ekulweni iintlobo sitshabalalisi i sobunjineli yemfuza.

Kulo msebenzi, saxelelwa ukuba intsholongwane evela kuyo ilungu, njani ukuzikhusela ngokwabo eziphilayo xa ulele. Kwakhona Sityumbe indima edlalwa iifom non-cellular ubomi endalweni.