Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, ingcali yezibalo eSoviet: engobomi, umsebenzi yenzululwazi

Isiphelo sale zemathematika yaba nzima umdla kakhulu. Xa ndandineminyaka engama-13, i-nzulu elizayo waphulukana emehlweni akhe. Oku akuzange kumthintele ukuba enze izinto ezifunyaniswe ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kwiMathematika. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin wawongwa Prize State of waseUSSR, kwakunye nezinye iimbasa ezininzi. impumelelo yakhe elaziwa emhlabeni.

Origin Pontrjagin

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin (1908-1988) wazalwa ngo-Agasti 21, 1908 eMoscow, usapho umsebenzi, i-zincwadi yi umsebenzi. Ngowe-1916, i-nzulu elizayo baqalisa ukufumana imfundo aphakamileyo. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin waqalisa ukuba baqonde izisekelo Sciences emva kwexesha ngenxa yokuba usapho lwakhe amahlwempu. Yena akazange akwazi ukuhlawula uqeqesho Izabelo Leo (uyise Viva lijoni eqhelekileyo umkhosi).

Imfundo esikolweni, ukulahlekelwa umbono

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin ngo-1917 bafudukela kwisikolo esiphakamileyo iminyaka esithoba, lo gama ewonke bonke. Kuloo minyaka, ukhetho lwekhondo wayengenamdla. Isazinzulu elizayo wabonisa akukho aptitude ekhethekileyo kwimathematika. Xa wayeneminyaka 13, endlwini yakhe kwakukho ukwanda isitovu separafini. Ngenxa ngenxa yengozi walahlekelwa ngokupheleleyo emehlweni akhe Lev Semenovich Pontryagin. ebuntwaneni bakhe, mhlawumbi, kwakungelula emva kwesiganeko. Umama wakhe, Tatiana Andreevna (yena wayesebenza kumthungi), waba unobhala unyana wakhe kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin kwibakala lesithoba, waba nomdla kwimathematika. Njengoko umthombo wenkcazelo wasebenzisa amanqaku ukusuka izichazi Encyclopedic. Kwaba ngoko ukuba sisazinzulu elizayo bagqiba ukufumana isidanga kwimathematika. Nangona iingxaki ezinxulumene kunye nelahleko umbono, wakwazi ukuphumeza isicwangciso sayo.

Kwezemfundo kwi-University of

Pontryagin wangena Moscow State University, leFiziksi neMathematika Faculty (okukhethekile - "lemathematika olunyulu"). Wagqiba esikolweni ngo-1929. Ke Lev Semenovich waqhubeka izifundo zakhe esikolweni isidanga, ukubhalisa likhona e Moscow State University Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics. isikolo Graduate waphumelela ngowe-1931. Teacher Vygotsky waba P. S. Aleksandrov. Pontryagin iminyaka emininzi yaba phantsi umtsalane yakhe enkulu zobuqu.

umsebenzi zesayensi

Lev Semenovich kwixesha ukususela 1930 ukuya 1932 ukuba umncedisi unjingalwazi algebra, kwakunye umqeshwa Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics. Ngowe-1932-1933. ukuba ilungu wakhulela e MSU oscillations Laboratory (libhekisela Institute of Physics). Sezibalo ukususela 1934 ukuya ekupheleni kobomi bakhe wafundisa e Moscow State University. Ngowe-1934, yena wayesenza unjingalwazi, yaye ngo-1935-1938 - uNjingalwazi Boomatshini neMathematika Faculty. Ngowe-1970-1988 gg. Pontryagin owayephethe kwelinye lamasebe ye-Faculty of azo Mathematics and Cybernetics. Ngowe-1935, ngaphandle ekuzikhuseleni ithisisi, wathi wawongwa ngesidanga Doctor bePhysical ne-Mathematical Sciences. Kulo nyaka, Pontryagin wafumana kwisihloko ngunjingalwazi.

Ukususela ngowe-1934 de wasutywa kukufa kwakhe Lev Semenovich wayesebenza kule Steklov Mathematical Institute. Kweli thuba ukususela 1934 ukuya 1939 waba uphando kunye abaphezulu apha. kweminyaka engamashumi amabini (1939-1959 gg.) Pontryagin waba yintloko yesebe of geometry yethopholoji efanayo. Ukususela ngo-1972, sezibalo waza wasebenza VINITI, apho inani ngumphandi oyintloko kwi de-1988. Lev Semenovich wayelilungu 'Mathematics' lebhodi lwe ukususela ngowe-1974 ukuya 1980.

Pontryagin Impumelelo

Ukweyona umdla kophando algebra Pontryagin kaThixo topological kunye ithopholoji, theory ulawulo kunye nethiyori ye umehluko zibalo. Ngowe-1932, Lev Semenovich ekuphuhliseni ecetywayo yi Alexander umthetho mbini, umthetho uye wabonisa ukuba space Euclidean inxibelelanisa iqela uNgqika ivaliwe iseti lingqongwe kunye engenasizathu ivaliwe amaqela Betty iseti ezisebenzisanayo. Pontryagin kusonjululwa ingxaki yokubala kwamaqela Betti.

Lev Semenovich ngumdali algebra topological. impumelelo yayo zezi ekuhlaleni amaqela compact kunye Ihlelo compact. Izazinzulu ziye sasifunda ubume babo, kwaye kananjalo baba uhlalutyo harmonic. Ngaxeshanye uphando mbini topological kunye nethiyori weempawu Pontryagin kwenziwa uthotho ezimbini imisebenzi - ngokwenkcazo homotopy kunye nethiyori ye obubodwa. Izazinzulu ziye zabonisa (kungakhathaliseki nokuba Nöbeling, ingcali yezibalo waseJamani kwaye ngaxeshanye) eyaziwa theorem ukuba nayiphi n-mbini indawo ngokumalunga iseti, edulusele kwi Euclidean (2n + 1) iseti nezingamacala angalinganiyo yi homeomorphic.

Ukususela 1935 ukuya 1940, ISAZINZULU wabhala lothotho lwamaphepha kwi thiyori iimveliso ROOTN kunye nethiyori homotopy. Pontryagin wafumanisa unxibelelwano phakathi imisebenzi enikelwe ngokulalisa manifolds, kunye neengxaki homotopy. Wafumanisa Iiklasi uphawu L. S. Pontryagina, ezo invariants of manifolds egudileyo.

Isebenza kwithiyori umehluko zibalo nemidlalo

Lev Semenovich ukususela ekuqaleni 1950, waba nomdla kwithiyori umehluko zibalo. Yena wenza imijikelo emibini lomsebenzi kule ndawo. Eyokuqala kuzo - na perturbations esibalulekileyo, kwaye eyesibini enxulumene kwithiyori iinkqubo kangangoko kwiMathematika. Oko Lev Semenovich ingqalelo umdali le ngcamango. Oku kusekelwe ubuninzi umgaqo L. S. Pontryagina. ukufunyanwa kwakhe yaba sisiphumo libalulekileyo lophando kweenkqubo kangangoko. Thina abanomdla ISAZINZULU bafumana iziphumo ezibalulekileyo kwiindawo ezifana kwithiyori imidlalo umehluko. Baye benza igalelo elikhulu kwithiyori yolawulo kangangoko.

ukuqaphela

Xa iyonke, ISAZINZULU wabhala malunga namakhulu amathathu amaphepha enzululwazi. Ngoncedo ingcamango, leyo wadalwa yi Lev Semenovich, izazinzulu ukufumana isiphaluka inzuzo zombane, amisele inkqubo amafutha kakhulu kakuhle, njalo njalo. D.

Lev Semenovich ndirongo ayikwazi ukuziphikisa. Baye waqaphela Russia nje kuphela kodwa ehlabathini nezesayensi. Bayacelwa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwiinkomfa ehlonitshwe, yena enikwa amabhaso ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka i-USSR State Prize, kunye iimbasa ezininzi phezulu. Kangangexesha elithile Pontryagin wayengomnye neenkokeli International Mathematical Union, ngakumbi ngqo, yayo usekela-mongameli.

imisebenzi yangaphandle

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Lev Semenovich wayesoloko ndirhalela inxaxheba kwizinto ezenzeka kubomi boluntu. Yena waba kwezezibalo, siziimfama nathi, ngoko ke ngokulula balekela imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni. Ngokukodwa, xa yaba engakhuselekanga. Noko ke, Lev Semenovich waphawula ingozi. Wayedla ngokuthi waza wavakalisa ngokuvakalayo oko wacinga okulungileyo. Noko ke, yena akamkhethi wabuso izihloko kunye ezintlwini. Lev Semenovich wayesoloko wafuna phandle epheleleyo kunye nokucaca kubudlelwane phakathi nabo. Xa umsebenzi wakhe, walandela kwimiyalelo yesazela, ngokufuthi ndihoye iingcamango zobuxoki ngaphantsi kunye lwemigangatho kwihlabathi kwizifundo, kwakunye zamaqumrhu. I Isazinzulu wakugqala umsebenzi wakhe ukuba angenelele iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ekuhlaleni ngokwaseburhulumenteni, ukususela yotshintsho kwemfundo yesikolo kunye nesiphelo iprojekthi kugqiba imilambo eSiberia.

Olu ngquzulwano, leyo uyabandakanyeka Pontryagin

Ngokuphathelele kungentla, akumangalisi ukuba yezibalo Lev Semenovich Pontryagin wenza iintshaba ezininzi, yazeka ithuba lokuba babe ngamandla lokuhlasela Academician. Ukomeleza lo intshukumo Zionist, esenzeka ngowe-1967, emva kokuba imfazwe Arab-Israeli, yaba unobangela ngokukhawuleza uhlaselo. USSR ngqo kwindawo esebenzayo zeeforimani. Pontryagin uye waba lutshaba engundoqo ye kaRacquel, lowo waba nempembelelo eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe aseNtshona.

Phakathi kwiindawo ukulwa yiSoviet Union kwaba umzabalazo kunye nenzululwazi ye-USSR, njengoko yaziwa, umyinge amaYuda ebesoloko aphakeme kancinci ngokomlinganiselo abameli bezinye iintlanga. Le meko sibi yi kukuba urhulumente waseSoviet kuthintele yokushiywa zabasebenzi kwinzululwazi ngubani balihlutha inkcazelo eyimfihlo. Xa intliziyo ungquzulwano phakathi eSoviet Union kunye kaRacquel ngo-1970 ngokungalindelekanga Pontryagin.

Ekukhohlweni kunye nokuvuselelwa

Xa kwafika ixesha, Lev Semenovich waba ngoyena ezifanele indawo eziphambili anti-Semite phakathi zezibalo zelizwe lethu. Ngokoluvo yoluntu ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwakukho nemvukelo mazwi anti-isiJuda Pontryagin. Oku kwabangela ukuba yokurhoxa kwe-nzulu njengoko ngumongameli Mathematical Union. ULenin Prize winner wayeka ukufumana izimemo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwiinkomfa, yaye igama lakhe wazama singasathethi ke ithuba, nkqu ibali yeempumelelo zalo ezinkulu. Emva 1991, ukuba nemvukelo ezinxulumene antisemitism academician, waba aqheleka kakhulu eRashiya. Kuphela kwiminyaka yakutshanje, enkosi imigudu eziliqela izazinzulu, nani Lev Semenovich ukuba aguquke.

Incwadi iinkumbulo

Academician USSR Academy of L. S. Pontryagin wabhala incwadi umdla kakhulu memoirs, apho oko kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwazi iinkcukacha imbali yemathematika kwi-USSR kwisiqingatha sesibini kwinkulungwane yama-20. Le ncwadi inikeza engumfuziselo izazinzulu ezininzi anetalente - Kolmogorov, Alexandrov, Luzin kunye nabanye. Yinto enoxinzelelo kakhulu kaloku ezininzi yezityhilelo olusenyongweni kunye neenkcazelo kunokuba ubomi nzima ngayo Lev Semenovich. Ukongeza, i-nzulu uxelela naye malunga ezinye iimpawu abacinga ngayo zenzululwazi. Scientist ubhala malunga nendlela yokujongana "engqondweni" imisebenzi enzima ngaphandle kokusebenzisa nayiphi na ukuhanjiswa. Kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu, mhlawumbi - kukuba iinkumbulo sisazinzulu ukunika sonke umzekelo ukomelela okukhulu nokuzingisa, ubutyebi obungapheliyo lobuchopho bomntu, sisebenzisa kuphela kangangoko okungenamsebenzi.

Isikolo lwenzululwazi Vygotsky

Okumiselwe wabeka uvavanyo inzima ebomini Pontryagin - waphulukana emehlweni akhe. Noko ke, oku akuzange kumthintele ukuba sisazinzulu ukuba balandele imfundo ephakamileyo, yaye ke ubomi bam bonke ukwenza ngempumelelo imathematika. Kule isayensi, eye waphumelela enkulu. Bonke ubuchule babo Lev Semenovich negalelo kuphuhliso lwemathematika kwilizwe lethu nakwihlabathi jikelele. Nguye owasungula yesikolo yenzululwazi, nto leyo eyabangela kakhulu kuphuhliso theory kolawulo kunye calculus ezinye iilwimi ezahlukeneyo. Xa isigama zemathematika, kukho amagama amaninzi, sithwele igama nzulu - umthetho Pontryagin Pontryagin isithuba umphezulu Pontryagin et al.

Lev Semenovich waba ngumfundisi obalaseleyo. Abafundi baqaphela ukuba izifundo zakhe ntetho ngokuchanekileyo kwaye zicace. Ezi mpawu owafaka ezininzi sisazinzulu kubafundi bakhe.

E Moscow, Meyi 3, 1988, wafa Pontryagin Lev Semenovich. ngobomi bakhe yaye kule mini uphefumlela izazinzulu ezininzi, ngokunjalo kude amadoda yenzululwazi.