I okuqinileyo crystalline nomzimba amorphous. Crystal - ebizwa njalo ice yamandulo. Kwaye ke kaloku, ngokuba zwi crystal kunye rhinestone, ucinga ezi izimbiwa ice uvalo. Ezi ziikristale yemvelo kunye nomntu ezenziwe (zokwenziwa). Bona ezisetyenziswa kushishino izacholo, optic,-elektroniki kunye nobunjineli wombane, njengoko beengxenye kwizixhobo eziphakamileyo-ngqo njengoko izinto superhard esirhabaxa lixhasa.
eziqinileyo crystalline luphawulwa lukhuni, sibe isikhundla engqongqo rhoqo kwisithuba molekyuli athom okanye ion, ngaloo ndlela bakha ngamaxesha-ntathu akhazimlayo emkhusaneni (isakhiwo). Ngaphandle, lubonakaliswa ezithile esiqinileyo uhlobo wolingano umzimba kunye neempawu ezithile emzimbeni. Xa uhlobo lwangaphandle umzimba yikristale ibonakalisa wolingano ezendeleyo i "ekupakishweni 'yangaphakathi amasuntswana. Oku kugqiba yokulingana engile phakathi ubuso zonke ziikristale eyenziwa ukwimo enye.
Baya kuba ukulingana kunye nomgama ukusuka kwiziko bamaziko phakathi athom ezikufuphi (ukuba zazimi phezu emgceni omnye, lo mgama uya kuba kufana kulo lonke ubude line). Kodwa athom emise umgca othe ngqo ukusuka kwelinye icala, lo mgama uya kuba eyahlukileyo phakathi kwamaziko ye atom. Oku ebangela anisotropy. Anisotropy - okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ayahluka eziqinileyo crystalline amorphous.
Ngaphezu kwama-90% eziqinileyo ekunokuthiwa kwakheka. Kwindalo, lukhona ngokohlobo ziikristale abangatshatanga kunye neesampula polycrystalline. ziikristale Single - olunye, iinkalo ezo zimelwe yeepoligoni rhoqo; ukuba luphawulwa kukho okuqhubekayo crystal emkhusaneni, kwaye anisotropy lweepropati emzimbeni.
Polycrystals - umzimba equka ziikristale ezininzi ezincinane, "edidekile," omnye nomnye noko elingafani. Polycrystals na isinyithi, iswekile, amatye, isanti. Imizimba enjalo (umz, a metal isiqwengana) anisotropy ayikho zibonakala ngenxa kwilungiselelo random ye elements, nangona ngokwahlukileyo wathabatha akhazimlayo anisotropy uphawu umzimba.
Ezinye iimpawu zezixhobo crystalline: lobushushu echazwe ngokungqongqo crystallization nawokunyibilika (ubukho iingongoma ezibalulekileyo), amandla, luthambe, conductivity, nobhobhozayo, ubushushu conductivity.
Amorphous - kuba akukho imilo. Ngoko nezwi Liguqulwe lithatyathwa kwigama lesiGrike. umzimba Amorphous wadala ngokwemvelo. Umzekelo, evuthiweyo, amafutha, iglasi mlilo. Ngokudala abantu eziqinileyo enziweyo amorphous inxaxheba - iglasi kunye nentlaka (ngumntu), iparafini, iiplastiki (iipholima), rosin, naphthalene, var. izinto Amorphous abanayo ngembonakalo yikristale emkhusaneni ngenxa kwilungiselelo umbhodamo neemolekyuli (athom, ion) kwi isakhiwo emzimbeni. Ngoko ke, iimpawu ezibonakalayo ethile umzimba amorphous isotropic - ngokufanayo kuwo onke amacala. Ngokuba izinto amorphous, akukho indawo ubushushu yokunyibilika kakhulu, bona ngcembe wayehambile phezu lokushushubeza ijike ibe lulwelo viscous. imizimba Amorphous eyabelwe esiphakathi (inguqu) imeko phakathi ulwelo eziqinileyo crystalline: ukuba lukhuni kwaye babe elastic ngaphezu ukuze ivale xa wambetha Amanqatha shapeless kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, ezi zinto ukubonisa ductility, abe lulwelo viscous.
Ngoku uyazi ukuba umzimba crystal!