Kubume - Yintoni na loo isayensi? Bajula elementi kubume

Ngaba ubusazi ukuba ufunda kubume? Ukususela igama layo kunene, unako ndicinga ngayo. Noko ke, loo nto yekhalenda ukusuka nkcazelo eneenkcukacha. Okwa kubume - inzululwazi ngemvelaphi, isakhiwo, kunye neentshukumo imbali owayephila mphandle umphezulu emhlabeni wethu. Ngenxa yoko ke, into zokufunda kulo - isiqabu. Nantso into zokwakheka komhlaba. Le nkcazelo ezinikwe apha ngentla, siya kuzibonakalisa ngokweenkcukacha kweli nqaku.

Yintoni na isiqabu?

Thina ukuchaza ingqiqo engundoqo. Isiqabu, leyo ufunda kubume, zizo zonke ubuso abahlukunyezwa koMhlaba, ezahlukeneyo iminyaka, imvelaphi, ubukhulu, imilo kunye nophuhliso ebalini. Sinokuthi oku iifom ezintsonkothileyo, kunye isakhiwo othile zejoloji, abakhuselekanga ukuya kwehayidrosfere, emoyeni kunye nemikhosi zangaphakathi iplanethi yethu. Ufundo isiqabu ngoko ke akunakwenzeka, ngaphandle kokuba umntu unombono ecacileyo malunga iimpawu kunye nokwakhiwa yamawa ezenza. Ukongeza, kuyimfuneko ukwazi iinkqubo ezichaphazela ngayo.

kuqweqwe

Ulwazi kolu qweqwe lomhlaba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba baqonde ukuba kubume ukufunda. Kwaye ngako. Eqweqweni (okt inxalenye ephezulu yayo, kwaye yenza a isiqabu) esoloko itshintsha. imikhosi ifuthe ukuba zibangelwa aqukuqela kwiinkqubo kwehayidrosfere kunye nomoya. kolu qweqwe lomhlaba yimveliso iinkqubo zemveli (nzulu) ezenzeka enzulwini iplanethi yethu. utshintsho abaninzi wafumana isiqabu. Baya kuza phantsi kwempembelelo zonke ezi nkqubo. Yintoni na kolu qweqwe lomhlaba? It ukhandwa nemetamorphic, sedimentary igneous. Abasabela ezingafani imikhosi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle nokuwenza.

features ukukhululeka

efile organic kunye eziphilayo nempembelelo enkulu phezu iimpawu uncedo, xa nokubunjwa kwayo. Le mpembelelo nto zombini ngqo, xa kudalwa imizimba zejoloji biogenic ezithile okanye iintlobo isiqabu, yaye ngokungangqalanga xa ukutshintsha umchiza kunye neempawu ebonakalayo zeengxondorha amanzi kunye nomoya we kweqokobhe eMhlabeni. Qaphela ukuba zombini ukukhululeka langa ngokwaso, yingqokelela imiphezulu ukuba babe emathambekeni ezibalulekileyo, phantse tyaba, oku kuchaphazela iinkqubo geomorphological. Umzekelo, ezinkqantosini ezisezantsi zogqunyelelwe kwaye ezintabeni kwenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

hypsometry ukukhululeka

Siya kuqalisa enye ingqiqo - uncedo hypsometry. Le indawo ke uluhlu lwamajelo ngaphantsi komhlaba ngokuphathelele kwinqanaba lolwandle. Ichaphazela Kwakhona ukuyilwa Relief, esoloko ibangela iinkqubo kungenako ukuphala ukuya kwelinye inqanaba hypsometric. Nanku umzekelo. Enhla phantsi kweemeko zangoku zemozulu zingenzeka nemimandla ethandwa, yetropika kunye epholileyo kuphela ezintabeni eziphakamileyo. A Inani leenkqubo elifana neli kuphela emazantsi olwandle kunye nezitya yolwandle.

Igama elithi "Uncedo" lingakhankanywa ngokusekelwe koko sele kuthethiwe. Uncedo - kubume into yokufunda, indibanisela zonke iimilo zejiyometri zonke iindawo apho akhiwa intsebenziswano kunye noqweqwe eziphilayo, umoya namanzi kweqokobhe planethi.

iinkqubo zoncedo-yakheka

Ekubeni eqweqweni le nto yentsebenziswano, kwaye uthethe izitenxo of kumphezulu wayo, ekufundweni isiqabu Kunzima ukucinga ngaphandle ulwazi ngesakhiwo lwangaphakathi iifom benza oko. iinkqubo Uncedo-ukwakha ezi sebenzisana ezahlukeneyo inzima. Noko ke, ukuba usoloko inxaxheba amandla womxhuzulane koMhlaba, njengoko njengenye yeekhomponenti eziphambili. Ngoko ke, lo utyekelo komhlaba nayo enye yeempawu olubaluleke kakhulu kweli kubume le isiqabu. Ukongeza, i "set" kwaye ngobunzulu mpawu zee-arhente ezahlukeneyo lwangaphandle, amandla womxhuzulane Umhlaba kuxhomekeke uncedo hypsometry.

uqhagamshelo kubume ne Sciences ngaphandle kumjikelo eendawo

Ngenxa yoko, uncedo - yinto imveliso yophuhliso yedeskthopi, kodwa ngaxeshanye kunye icandelo yendawo ye-landscape. Loo indawo yento sinomdla nesayensi uthetha yentswelo kwamaqhina zayo olusondeleyo amasebe afana ulwazi njenge geography ngokwasemzimbeni kunye yokwakheka komhlaba. Kubume, Noko ke, ongadibenanga kuphela nabo. Yaye kungekudala uya kwazi ukuba kutheni.

Njengokuba besesitshilo, kubume - isayensi lifunda elimi ngayo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba indawo ekhethekileyo kwisakhiwo Yomhlaba. Into yokuba kumane zombini elilujongano kwindlela kunye umphezulu impefumlelwano amaqokobhe iplanethi yethu; ke kwehayidrosfere, umoya, lithosfere, kunye biosphere. Ngelo xesha nye - icandelo le-bume eendawo. Ngenxa yoko, isifundo iphezulu echumayo ngayo kuphela xa ucinga ngokudibene namanye amacandelo kokusingqongileyo eendawo. Ngoko kubume - isayensi inobudlelwane ingakumbi olusondeleyo kwendawo elibonakalayo, kwakunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi, ngaphandle kumjikelo eendawo.

kubume wayekhona

Enye inkalo uphawu kuyo - wayekhona. Kubume - inzululwazi efuna ukuqinisekisa ukulandelelana kweziganeko ezenzeka on Earth, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukuvela landscape mihla. ulwazi lwakhe ngayo le inzululwazi isebenzisa impumelelo komhlaba, ukuma, kunye nezinye iinkalo ezininzi ezinxulumene nemijikelo yendalo kunye nembali. Ngokukodwa, njengoko Umhlaba - umhlaba, kubume libhekisa yesayensi ezifana ngeenkwenkwezi kunye cosmogony. Kwimibandela karhulumente, ukwakheka, isakhiwo komba, leyo babandakanyeke ekubunjweni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo gidi, usebenzisa impumelelo chemistry yemvelo.

iintlobo kubume

Kubume ngoku inzululwazi kakhulu kakhulu. Yahlulahlulwe yaba kwimimandla yolwazi, ushishino, iindawo zophando, inxenye. Kubume inenani yenze uphando. Le inzululwazi usombulula zombini iingxaki enokusebenziseka ebalulekileyo.

Zonke neyantlukwano imisebenzi lwezesayensi ngazo kukuba yonke kubume abafunda kwendawo, ubudala, imvelaphi, zazivelela, impembelelo yayo macala kunye nobudlelwane kunye nezinye iimpawu kunye nezinto endalo zemveli kunye ezisuka ngaphandle yomhlaba.

Iintlobo kubume ziquka oku kulandelayo:

• kubume jikelele;
• yembali (paleogeomorphology);
• olutshintshatshintshayo;
• komhlaba;
• lwengingqi;
• zasendle;
• izibalo;
• iyahlolwa;
• kude;
• yemephu geomorphological;
• kubume ye ezantsi elwandle;
• kubume mhlaba.

Kule inzululwazi liqulunqe icandelo okhethekileyo, nto leyo izifundo ukuyilwa Anceda intsebenziswano yawo kunye nemozulu. Eli candelo kuthiwa kubume zemozulu. isiqabu oqingqiweyo njengoko izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa, uye imimandla zezulu abahlukene.

Icala ngokoqobo kubume

Injongo yale nesayensi kuya practical aspect kukuba ukwazi imithetho elawula uncedo iphuhlisiwe, yaye le njengesiseko ukusebenzisa kulo mkhuba wemithetho kutyhilwa.

Kubume kuyafuneka entsimini izakhiwo zobunjineli kubunzulu baphantsi komhlaba kunye sabo sokufuna. Ukwakhiwa kwiindawo eziyimiqwebedu Irrigation imisele, kunye nemigxobhozo - network semibhobho ufuna isifundo ngenyameko isiqabu. iimpawu zaso, kufuneka wazi xa kwakhiwe izikhululo lombane ezintabeni kunye emathafeni. Ukudala imigca zonxibelelwano kunye nokwakhiwa kwendlela nazo kwenziwa ngenkxaso kwale nzululwazi.

impumelelo yayo zisetyenziswa ngokucwangcisa iifama ezinkulu-isikali, ezidolophini nasezixekweni. Nanku umzekelo. City Divnogorsk i ethambekeni ukuze amanzi emvula aqukuqela kungena Yenisei River, kwaye kwithambeka lome ngokukhawuleza. imephu Geomorphological lisetyenziswa kwezicwangciso kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ibonisa isixhobo umphezulu mphandle thaca amacandelo, ilungiselelo komhlaba kunye nohlobo iifom zawo. Kuxhomekeka mphandle na indawo kweendawo zokuhlala, amashishini zorhwebo noshishino, ulwalathiso emikhulu. Enye into ebalulekileyo kukuba ukufunda ngokukhawuleza isixhobo amanzi kwamashishini amakhulu mveliso neendawo zokuhlala.

Geological, ubume bendalo, ngezityalo, uphando umhlaba kwakhona siqala ukufunda ngengingqi. Uphando ulwakhiwo mhlaba nemin nazo kuqhutywa ukuxhasa kuye.

Kubume idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ukuziphendulela umbutho karhulumente. Abathetheli bezizwe namaxesha ezahlukeneyo kudala kulindeleke ngokuxhoma, kuthathelwa ingqalelo izinto awohluke ngengingqi. isayensi zomkhosi Modern Siyinika ingqalelo efanelekileyo.

Kufuneka bazi nje kuphela iintlobo ezikhoyo namhlanje kunye neentlobo isiqabu, kodwa ukuba sizilindele utshintsho mhlawumbi umphezulu emhlabeni wethu kwixesha elizayo phantsi kwempembelelo yeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Oku kuyinyaniso ngakumbi, umzekelo, xa ukwakhiwa emhlabeni iyaxokozela, okanye izakhiwo ezinemigangatho kulwakhiwo namazibuko.

Kubume nezimbiwa ukuhlola

Uhlaziyo kwimbali kunye nesimo sendawo - ziyindlela esebenzayo ukufumana izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo zendalo. Ngoko ke, le miba kubume kule ndawo athandwa kakhulu. Umzekelo, ukuba nezikhukhula kwedayimani, igolide kunye nezinye izimbiwa ezixabisekileyo zidla ezinxulumene womnatha yamandulo mihla umlambo, njengoko umfula ugeleza ukuba izivuno rocks yegolide ixesha elide layitshabalalisa kwaye iqokelelwe kula masimu nezikhukhula izimbiwa enzima. Ukongeza, intsimbi kunye webauxite zidla kanye phezu ulungelelwaniso kumphezulu yamandulo. Le iidipozithi of amalahle, igesi kwakunye namafutha idla kuphelela ukuba izakhiwo ezithile ziitectonic plates. Ezi izakhiwo kwimimandla emininzi ziboniswe kwi imilo wobuso iplanethi yethu, ngoko ke iidiphozithi zezi neeminerali kunceda ukubona uhlalutyo isiqabu.

amanqaku abalulekileyo kwimbali kubume

Isiqabu of kumphezulu womhlaba - omnye wemiqathango ibalulekileyo yemisebenzi yabantu, ikho. Ulwazi ngaye, Kakade ke, waqokelela ukususela kumanqanaba yokuqala ukuvela kunye nophuhliso eluntwini. Noko ke, kwabonakala ingqiqo ka "kubume" hayi ngoko nangoko. Njengendlela yokuziqeqesha yenzululwazi, waqalisa ukuba imilo kuphela ngasekupheleni 18 - kwenkulungwane ye-19. It zinxulumene kakhulu yokwakheka, ngoko waqala ukuphuhlisa emva kwayo. Yaba ngeli xesha umsebenzi wokuqala phezu kweemeko zophuhliso kunye ukuvela komhlaba mphandle komhlaba.

Ngowe-1763 kwabonakala umsebenzi "Kuloo zomaleko eMhlabeni M. V. Lomonosova (elichaza kuye inikwe ngentla). Kuyo, yena kuqala wacebisa ukuba isiqabu kubangelwa impefumlelwano imikhosi ezahlukeneyo angaphandle kwaye iqala. Le mbono amanga intliziyo namhlanje kunye nenzululwazi geomorphological.

Ngenkulungwane ye-19, kukho imisebenzi Pavlov, Foam, Richthofen, apho iimbono malunga nesakhiwo kunye nemvelaphi komhlaba mphandle koMhlaba, ezingasetyenziswanga ababelawula ngaphambi, systematized, kwaye iinzame lokuhlela kuyo. Amagama B. Foam, abaphandi isiJamani, kunye B. Davis, nososayensi, ezinxulumene ne imbonakalo iingqiqo obschegeomorfologicheskih ukhetho yokuqala yale isayensi nawasezincotsheni ezimeleyo ulwazi.

zokwakheka komhlaba namhlanje

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kokubini kwilizwe lethu yaye eNtshona Yurophu, oluninzi ingqalelo ehlawulwa kuphuhliso kubume. Kwelinye icala, abaphandi ingqalelo unxibelelwano phakathi isakhiwo neeminerali, yaye isiqabu imbonakalo (abazifundayo kubume noshowo), yaye kwelinye icala, ukuba iinkqubo geomorphological abanomdla zithe zadala (obuluqilima kunye kubume zemozulu). Paleogeomorphology, okt izifundo ngengingqi yamandulo, nalo wabalula. Kakade ke, kuphela imiyalelo ephambili yophuhliso yayo engaphezulu.

Ngoku uyazi ukuba ufunda inzululwazi kubume, nezimaphambili ezingundoqo enxulumene nayo, ulwalathiso imbali kunye nophuhliso, siye naye kwakhona. Waphawula ukuba kubalulekile kakhulu zombini ukusuka kwindawo ithiyori kwaye ezenziwayo. Izisekelo kubume, thaca kweli nqaku, sinethemba, kuya kuba luncedo.