I-biopolymers ... Ukulima izityalo

Inani elikhulu lamacandelo ahlukeneyo omntu wamakhemikhali ahlukeneyo akwazi ukuhlanganiswa kwiimeko zebhubhoratri. Nangona kunjalo, konke okufanayo, ebaluleke kakhulu kwaye ibalulekileyo ebomini kuzo zonke iinkqubo eziphilayo, zikhona kwaye ziza kuhlala zizinto zendalo, izinto zendalo. Oko kukuthi, ezo iimlekyuli ezithatha inxaxheba kumawaka eempendulo zezinto ezinokwenziwa kwezinto eziphilayo kwaye zijongene nokusebenza kwazo eziqhelekileyo.

Uninzi lwabo bangabela iqela elibizwa ngokuthi "iipolymers biological."

Iingcamango eziqhelekileyo ze-biopolymers

Okokuqala, kufuneka kuthathelwe ukuba zonke ezi zihlanganisi ziphezulu-molecular, zibe nobukhulu obufikelela kwizigidi zamaDaltons. Ezi zinto ziyimfuyo yezilwanyana kunye nemifuno edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni iiseli kunye nezakhiwo zayo, ukubonelela nge-metabolism, i-photosynthesis, ukuphefumula, isondlo kunye nayo yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yiphi na into ephilayo.

Kunzima ukugxininisa ukubaluleka kwezixhobo ezinjalo. Ii-biopolymers zizinto zendalo zemvelaphi yemvelo, ezenziwe kwizinto eziphilayo kwaye ziyisiseko sobomi emhlabeni. Ziziphi iinkcukacha ezixhomekeke kubo?

I-Biopolymers yeseli

Kukho ezininzi. Ngoko, i-biopolymers eyona nto ilandelayo:

• Iiprotheni;
• Polysaccharides;
• I-Nucleic acids (i-DNA ne-RNA).

Ukongeza kubo, ezininzi iipolymers ezidibeneyo ezenziwe ngokudibanisa kwee-already listed are included here. Ngokomzekelo, iipoproletin, lipopolysaccharides, i-glycoproteins kunye nabanye.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo

Siyakwazi ukwahlula iinkalo ezininzi ezivela kuzo zonke iamolekyu ezicatshangelwayo. Ngokomzekelo, iipropati ezilandelayo zilandelayo ze-biopolymers:

• Ubunzima be-molecular molecular ngenxa yokubunjwa kwama-macrochains amakhulu kunye ne-branching kwisakhiwo samakhemikhali;
• Iintlobo zeekhonkco kwi-macromolecules (i-hydrogen, ukusebenzisana kwe-ionic, ukukhanga kwe-electrostatic, i-bridges ye-disulfide, izibophelelo ze-peptide, njl);
• Iyunithi yesakhiwo nganye yekhenkethi iyunithi ye-monomer;
• I-stereoregularity okanye ukungabikho kwayo kwisakhiwo sekholeji.

Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo, zonke i-biopolymers zineenkalo ezahlukeneyo kwisakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi kunokuba kufane.

Iiprotheni

Iimodeli zeprotheni zibaluleke kakhulu ebomini naziphi na izinto eziphilayo. Ezi zi-biopolymers ziyisiseko se-biomass yonke. Emva kwakho konke, ngokutsho kwe-Oparin-Haldane theory, ubomi eMhlabeni buvela kwi-droplet coacervate, eyayiyiprotheni.

Isakhiwo salezi zinto zithobela umyalelo ochanekileyo kwisakhiwo. Isiseko seprotheyini nganye yi-amino acid resisi, ezikwazi ukuxhuma omnye komnye kwixesha elide elingenamkhawulo. Oku kwenzeka ngokubunjwa kweekhonkco ezikhethekileyo - izibophelelo zeep peptide. Ubungqina obunjalo lubunjwa phakathi kwezinto ezine: i-carbon, i-oxygen, i-nitrogen ne-hydrogen.

Ukubunjwa kwemolekyuli yeprotheni kunokubandakanya amaninzi amanxuwa e-amino acid, zombini afana kunye ahlukeneyo (amashumi amabini amawaka kunye nokunye). Inani elipheleleyo le-amino acids efumaneka kulezi zihlanganisi zingama-20. Noko ke, ukudibanisa kwabo okuhlukeneyo kuvumela iprotheni ukuba ikhule kakuhle kunye nezilwanyana-ezizilumko.

I-biopolymers yeeprotheyini ine-conformation ehlukeneyo yendawo. Ngaloo ndlela, ngamnye ummeli unokufumaneka ngesimo sesakhiwo seprayimari, esesibini, ephakamileyo okanye esiphezulu.

Eyona ndlela elula kwaye ilungileyo kubo yintloko. Kuphela nje uchungechunge lweendlela ze-amino acid ezixhunyiwe komnye nomnye.

Ulungelelwano lwesibini luyabonakala ngesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, kuba i-macrochain epheleleyo yeprotheni iqalisa ukudibanisa, ukwenza iikhoyili. Iiprojekti ezimbini ezikufuphi zigcinwe eduze komnye nomnye ngenxa yokusebenzisana kunye ne-hydrogen phakathi kwamaqela e-athomu zawo. Kukho i-alpha kunye ne-beta iinqwelo zeesibini zesakhiwo seeprotheni.

Isakhiwo sephakamileyo sinekhampani (coleptide chain) yeprotheni. Unxibelelwano oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yokusebenzisana ngaphakathi kwiphepha elinikeziweyo livumela ukuba lizinzile kwaye ligcine ifomu elamkelweyo.

Isiqulatho se-quaternary sisetyenziswe kweetyunithi ze-polypeptide, ziboshwe kwaye zisontekile zibe ibhola, ezize zenze izibophelelo ezininzi zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi se-globular.

Imisebenzi yamatyeli eeprotheni

1. Zothutho. Iyenziwa ngama-protein amangqamuzana enza i-plasma membrane. Nguye abenza iziteshi ze-ion apho ezi okanye ezinye i-molecule ziyakudlula. Kwakhona, ezininzi iiprotheni ziyingxenye ye-organoids yokuhamba kweprotozoa kunye neebhaktheriya, ngoko zithatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo ekuhambeni kwazo.
2. Umsebenzi wamandla uqhutywe kakhulu ngala malekyuli. Igram enye yeprotheni kwinkqubo ye-metabolism 17.6 kJ yamandla. Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso yezilwanyana kunye nezilwanyana eziqulethe ezi zixhobo kubalulekile kwizinto eziphilayo.
3. Umsebenzi wokwakha ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamathala eeprotheni ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezininzi zamaseli, iiseli ngokwazo, izicubu, izitho, njalonjalo. Phantse nayiphi na iseli isekelwe kule milekyuli (i-cytoskeleton ye-cytoplasm, i-plasma membrane, ribosome, mitochondria kunye nezinye izakhiwo zibandakanyeka ekuvelweni kweemveliso zeprotheni).
4. Umsebenzi wokuxhaswa uyenziwa ngama-enzyme, okwenziwe ngamachiza awo ayikho ngaphezu kweeprotheni. Ngaphandle kwee-enzymes, bekungeke kwenzeke kwiimpendulo ezininzi ze-biochemical emzimbeni, ekubeni zizinto eziphilayo ezixhasayo kwizinto eziphilayo.
5. Ummkeli (kunye nomqondiso) umsebenzi unceda iiseli ukuba zixhomekeke kwaye zenze ntoni naziphi na utshintsho kwimeko, zombini umatshini kunye nemichiza.

Ukuba sicinga iiprotheni ngokungakumbi, sinokufumanisa imisebenzi emibini. Nangona kunjalo, ezidweliswe zizona ziphambili.

Nucleic Acids

Ezi zi-biopolymers ziyingxenye ebalulekileyo yeeseli nganye, ngaba yi-prokaryotic okanye i-eukaryotic. Emva kwakho konke, i-nucleic acids i-DNA molecules (deoxyribonucleic acid) kunye ne-RNA (ribonucleic acid), nganye leyo ibaluleke kakhulu kwizinto eziphilayo.

Kwiimpawu zabo zeekhemikhali, i-DNA ne-RNA yindlela ehamba ngayo i-nucleotide ehlanganiswe nezibophezelo ze-hydrogen kunye nezibhanti ze-phosphate. Ukubunjwa kwe-DNA kubandakanya i-nucleotides njenge:

• Adenine;
• Thimine;
• Guanine;
• ICytosine;
• I-deoxyribose ye-sugar-carbon ehlanu.

I-RNA ihluke kwi-thymine ithathelwe indawo yi-uracil, kunye ne-sugar-ribose.

Ngenxa yombutho okhethekileyo wokwakha, i-molecule ye-DNA inokwenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo. I-RNA idlala indima enkulu kwiseli.

Imisebenzi yee-acidi ezinjalo

I-nucleic acids i-biopolymers enoxanduva lemisebenzi elandelayo:

1. I-DNA ngumgcini kunye nokuthumela i-genetic ulwazi kwiiseli zezinto eziphilayo. Kwiiprokaryothi le molekyuli isasazwa kwi-cytoplasm. Kwiseli ye - eukaryotic ifumaneke ngaphakathi kwenyucleus, eyahlukana ne-karyolemma.
2. I-molecule ye-DNA ephindwe kabini ihlukaniswe ngamacandelo - iizakhi ezenza izakhi ze-chromosome. Iigazi zesilwanyana ngasinye zenza ikhowudi ekhethekileyo yofuzo, apho yonke imiqondiso yendalo ibhalwe ngekhowudi.
3. I-RNA yintlobo ezintathu - i-matrix, irbosomal kunye nezothutho. I-Ribosomal ithatha inxaxheba kwi-synthesis kunye neendibano zee-molecule zeprotheni kwizakhiwo ezifanelekileyo. I-Matrix kunye nezothutho zithatha ulwazi olufundwa kwi-DNA kwaye luchaza intsingiselo yayo yezinto eziphilayo.

Polysaccharides

Ezi zixhobo zitshala kakhulu i-polymers, oko kukuthi, ziyafumaneka kwiiseli zabameli beeflora. Ingakumbi i zityebi kwi-polysaccharides ludonga lwabo lwesellu, oluqukethe isellulose.

Ngokwemvelo yamachiza, i-polysaccharides i-macromolecules ye-carbohydrate enzima. Ziyakwazi ukuba zilungelelaniso, ezikhethiweyo, ukuhambelana okuhambelanayo. Iimonomers zilula ezintlanu-, ngokuphindaphindiweyo zithandathu-sugar sugar - ribose, glucose, fructose. Zizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kwizinto eziphilayo, kuba ziyinxalenye yeeseli, ziindawo ezigcina izondlo zezityalo, ziyahlukana kunye nokukhululwa kwemandla amakhulu.

Kubaluleka kwabameli abahlukeneyo

Kubaluleke kakhulu iipolymers ze-biological ezifana nesitashi, i-cellulose, i-inulin, i-glycogen, i-chitin nabanye. Ziyimithombo ebalulekileyo yamandla kwizinto eziphilayo.

Ngoko, i-cellulose yincindi yobunzima bebhanki leselwanyana yezityalo, ezinye iibhaktheriya. Unika amandla, ifom ethile. Kubucandelo lomntu, lisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iphepha, iibetate ezixabisekileyo.

Isitashi sisityalo sokugcina izityalo, esiyimveliso yokutya ebalulekileyo kubantu nakwizilwanyana.

I-Glycogen, okanye i-fat fat, iyindawo yokugcina izondlo ezilwanyana kunye nabantu. Yenza imisebenzi yokufakelwa kwe-thermal, umthombo wamandla, ukukhuselwa kombane.

Ezixubileyo ze-biopolymers ekubunjweni kwezidalwa eziphilayo

Ukongeza kwizinto esizihlolisayo, kukho iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zee-molecular molecules. Ezi zi-biopolymers zakhiwo ezixubileyo ezixutywe kwiiprotheni kunye neep lipids (lipoproteins) okanye kwi-polysaccharides kunye neeprotheni (i-glycoproteins). Ukuhlanganiswa kwe lipids kunye ne-polysaccharides (lipopolysaccharides) kunokwenzeka.

Ngayinye yalezi zixhobo eziphilayo zizininzi ezininzi ezizenzayo kwizinto eziphilayo izinto ezinomsebenzi obalulekileyo: ezothutho, uphawu, i-receptor, ulawulo, i-enzymatic, ukwakhiwa kunye nabanye abaninzi. Isakhiwo sazo sisemkhatsini kakhulu kwaye sithe sagqithiselwa bonke abameli, ngoko ke, imisebenzi ayinqunywanga ngokupheleleyo. Namhlanje, kuphela kuphela eziqhelekileyo ezaziwa, kodwa inxalenye ebalulekileyo ihlala ngaphaya kwemida yolwazi lwabantu.