Iintlobo zesisombululo. Iintlobo zesisombululo soxinzelelo

Isisombululo sisisombululo esifanayo esinezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu okanye umxube apho isisithi esisodwa senza njengoluhlu kunye nolunye njengengqungquthela.

Kukho iingcamango ezimbini zonyango lwemvelaphi yesisombululo: imichiza, umsunguli we-Mendeleev DI, kunye nomzimba, ohlongozwa yi-physics yaseJamani kunye ne-Swiss ostwald no-Arrhenius. Ngokutsho kwengcaciso kaMendeleyev, iinqununu ze-solvent kunye ne-solute ziba nxaxheba kwi-chemical response to the formation of composites unstable of these components or particles.

Iingcamango zomzimba ziphika ukusebenzisana kweekhemikhali phakathi kweemelelekyuli zezinto ezichithwa kunye nokuchithwa, kuchaza inkqubo yokwakhiwa kwezisombululo njengendlela yokusabalalisa ngokufananayo kweengqungquthela (i-molecule, ions) ze-solvent phakathi kweengqungquthela zendalo echithwe ngenxa yento ebonakalayo ebizwa ngokuba yi-diffusion.

Ukwahlulelwa kwezisombululo ngokweenqobo ezahlukeneyo

Okwangoku, akukho nkqubo enye yokulungisa izicombululo, kodwa ngokusemgangathweni iintlobo zesisombululo zingaqulunqwa ngokubhekiselele kwiinkalo eziphambili, ezi:

I) Ngokubhekiselele kwilizwe elibanzi, izisombululo ezinamandla, ezinombane kunye nezisisombululo.

II) Ubungakanani beengqimba zezinto ezichithwe: i-colloidal and true.

III) Iqondo lokuxinwa kweengqungquthela zesisombululo esisisombululo kwisisombululo.

IV) Ngokukwazi ukuqhuba umbane wamandla: i-electrolytes kunye non-electrolytes.

) Ngenjongo kunye nesicelo: imichiza, unyango, ukwakhiwa, izisombululo ezizodwa, njl.

Uhlobo lwezisombululo ngelizwe elibanzi

Ukuhlelwa kwezisombululo ngokubhekiselele kummandla wonke we-solvent unikezwa ngentsingiselo ebanzi yeli gama. Kuthathwa njengesisombululo sezinto eziselwandle (zombini utywala kunye nenxalenye eqinile inokusebenza njengesisombululo), kodwa ukuba sinokuqwalasela ukuba isisombululo sisistim ehambelana neendlela ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, kunengqiqo ukuqaphela kwakhona izisombululo ezinamandla, kwaye Gaseous. Izisombululo ezinzulu zibhekwa njengemixube, umzekelo, izinyithi ezininzi, eziqhelekileyo kwiindawo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Iintlobo zeGaseous zisombululo zixutyushwa kweegesi ezininzi, umzekelo womoya ojikelezayo, omelelwe njengombutho we-oksijeni, i-nitrogen ne-carbon dioxide.

Isisombululo ubukhulu beengqungquthela eziqhekekileyo

Iintlobo zesisombululo ngokwendlela yobukhulu beengqungquthela ezichithwe ziquka iziqulatho zinyaniso (eziqhelekileyo) kunye neenkqubo ze-colloidal. Kwizisombululo zinyani, into echithwayo iyahlukana ibe ngama-molecule amancinci okanye i-athomu ezimalunga nobukhulu bee-molecule ze-solvent. Kule meko, iinjongo eziyinyaniso zezisombululo zigcina iipropati zokuqala ze-solvent, kuphela ukuyiguqula phantsi kwezenzo zeempawu ze-physicochemical zezinto ezongeziweyo kuyo. Umzekelo: xa ucola ityuwa yetyuwa okanye ushukela emanzini, amanzi ahlala kwindawo efanayo yokudibanisa kunye nokufana okufanayo, ngokusemgangathweni nombala ofanayo, kuphela ukutshintshwa kwalo kwintshintsho.

Izixazululo zeColloidal zihluke kwizinto eziqhelekileyo kwinto eyongeziweyo idibanisa ngokungaqhelekanga, ukugcina iamolekyu eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye nezixhobo, ubukhulu obugqithiseleyo buncinci kwii-particle solvent, ezingaphezu kwexabiso le-nanometer.

Iintlobo zesisombululo soxinzelelo

Ngomlinganiselo ofanayo we-solvent, umlinganiselo ohlukeneyo wento yokuqhawulwa unokongezwa, kwipropathi siya kuba nezisombululo ngeengcamango ezahlukeneyo. Silula uluhlu lwazo:

1. Iisombululo ezanelisayo zibonakaliswe ngongqinisiso lwezinto ezingenayo isisombululo apho iqela elichithwe phantsi kwefuthe lokubaluleka rhoqo kweqondo lokushisa kunye noxinzelelo alupheli kwii-athomu kunye nama-molecule kwaye isisombululo siyafezekisa ukulingana kwesigaba. Isisombululo esinelisekile sinokuhlulwa ngokweemeko zibe ziisombululo ezigxininisiweyo, apho iqhekeza elincinci lenkcaso echithwayo lifaniswa ne-solvent, kwaye ihlanjululwa, apho into echithwe ngayo iphindaphindiweyo ezincinci kunokuba isisombululo.
2. I-Unsaturated - ezi zizisombululo apho i-solute iyakwazi ukuphuka ibe ngamaqhezu amancinci.
3. Isisombululo se-Supersaturated senziwa xa iiparitha zezinto ezichaphazelayo (ukushisa, uxinzelelo) zitshintsha, ngenxa yenkqubo apho "ukuchithwa" into echithwayo iyaqhubeka, iya kuba enkulu kunokuba iimeko ziqhelekileyo (eziqhelekileyo).

I-Electrolytes kunye non-electrolytes

Ezinye izinto kwisisombululo zidibanisa kwiion ezingenza i-current current. Iinkqubo ezinjalo ezifanayo zibizwa ngokuba yi-electrolytes. Eli qela liquka i-acids, ininzi isaliti. Kwaye iisombululo ezingenzi ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kagesi zibizwa ngokuba yi-non-electrolytes (phantse zonke iifomic organic).

Amaqela ezisombululo ngenjongo

Isisombululo zibaluleke kakhulu kuwo onke amasebe oqoqosho lwesizwe, ezo zinto zenze iinjongo ezizodwa njengezonyango, ukwakhiwa, iikhemikhali kunye nabanye.

Isisombululo sezonyango sidibaniso lwamalungiselelo ngendlela yokugcoba, ukumiswa, ukuxubusha, izisombululo zezifo kunye namayeza kunye nezinye iifom zonyango ezisetyenziselwa unyango lwezonyango kunye nokukhuselwa kwezifo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Iintlobo zezicwangciso zeekhemikhali ziquka inani elikhulu leemveliso ezihambelana nokusetyenziswa kwamakhemikhali: i-acids, iiriti. Ezi zisombululo zingabakho kwimvelaphi engokwemvelo okanye yamanzi, amanzi (olwandle lwamanzi) okanye anhydr (kusekelwe kwi-benzene, i-acetone, njl.), I-liquid (vodka) okanye iqinile (ubhedu). Bafumene isicelo sabo kumasebe ahlukeneyo woqoqosho lwelizwe: iikhemikhali, ukutya kunye nama-textile.

Iintlobo zemithi yamadaka ziyahlukahlukana kwaye zihambelana ngokugqithiseleyo, ngenxa yezinto ezifanelekileyo ngakumbi igama lomxube.

Ngenxa yokukwazi ukuqinisa ngokukhawuleza, bayasetyenziswa ngempumelelo njengenqabana yeendonga zobuncwane, izilwanyana, izakhiwo ezithwala imithwalo, kunye nokugqiba imisebenzi. Zizicombululo eziqhekezayo, ngokuqhelekileyo zisoloko zintathu (i-solvent, i-samente yamanqaku ahlukeneyo, ihlanganisiwe), apho isanti, udongwe, ilitye echitshiweyo, i-lime, i-gypsum kunye nezinye izinto zokwakha zisetyenziselwa ukuzalisa.