UKumkanikazi Maria Alexandrovna (umfazi Alexander II): biography, iifoto

Ixesha elizayo uMmpress Maria Alexandrovna wazalwa ngowe-1824 eDarmstadt, inkulu yeHesse. Umntwana waqanjwa ngokuthi nguMaximilian Wilhelmina Augusta Sofia Maria.

Umvelaphi

Uyise wayenguJamani uLudwig II (1777-1848) - uMkhulukazi waseHasse kunye neRhin. Waya kumandla emva koKhuselo lukaJulayi.

Unina wentombazana yayinguWilhelmina waseBenen (1788-1836). Wayevela kwindlu yaseBenen eTeringering. Kwakukho amahemuhemu enkundleni ukuba abantwana bakhe abancinci, kuquka uMaximilian, bazalwe ngobudlelwane kunye nomnye weebhonon zasekhaya. ULudwig II - indoda esemthethweni - yamjonga njengendodakazi yakhe ukuze igweme ihlazo elihlazo. Nangona kunjalo, intombazana kunye nomzalwana wakhe uAlexander yaqala ukuhlala ngokwahlukileyo noyise kunye nokuhlala kwakhe eDarmstadt. Le ndawo "yereferensi" yayinguHeiligenberg, eyayiyindawo yomama kaWilhelmina.

Ukudibanisana noAlexander II

Imitshato yaseRomanov kunye nemikhosi yaseJamani yayithandwa. Ngokomzekelo, umxhasi kaMariya - uAlexandra Feodorovna (umfazi kaNicholas I) - wayeyintombi yenkosi yamaPrussia. Ewe, kwaye inkosikazi yasekupheleni yaseRashiya yayisuka kwikhaya laseHassian. Ngoko, ngale mvelaphi, isinqumo sika-Alexander II sokutshata isiJamani esivela kwinqanaba elincinci alibonakali lingaqhelekanga.

UMpress Maria Alexandrovna wadibana nendoda yakhe yangomso ngo-Matshi 1839, xa wayeneminyaka eli-14 ubudala, kwaye wayeneminyaka engama-18. Ngelo xesha, uAlexandro, njengeendlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi, wenza uhambo lwezithethe lwaseYurophu ukuza kuziwa nezindlu ezilawulayo zendawo. Intombi kaHassian Duke wadibana nomdlalo "Vestalka".

Indlela yokudibanisa umtshato

Emva kokwazana, uAlexandria waqala encwadini yakhe ukuze axhobe abazali bakhe ukuba banike imvume yokutshata nomfazi waseJamani. Nangona kunjalo, unina wayenxamnye noxanduva olunjalo lwenkosana. Wayenamahloni ngamaqhekeza malunga nemvelaphi engekho mthethweni yale ntombazana. UMbusi uNicholas, ngokuchaseneyo, wagqiba ekubeni angayigxothi ehlombe, kodwa cinga ngolu hlobo ngakumbi.

Inyaniso kukuba unyana wakhe uAlexander wayesele waba nolwazi olubi ebomini bakhe. Wathandana no- Olga Kalinovskaya, intombazana yowesifazane . Abazali babenxamnye nokuxhatshazwa kwezi zimbini zizathu eziphambili. Okokuqala, le ntombazana yayisemvelaphi elula. Okwesibini, naye wayengumKatolika. Ngoko uAlexandro kunye naye wahlulwa ngokunyanisekileyo waza wathumela eYurophu, ukuze akwazi ukufumana iqela elifanelekileyo.

Ngoko uNikolai wanquma ukubeka ingozi kwaye akayi kuphinda aphule intliziyo yakhe kwakhona. Kunoko, waqala ukubuza ngokucacileyo malunga nentombazana engumgcini u-Alexander Kavelin kunye nomlobi uVasily Zhukovsky, owayehamba nendlalifa eluhambeni lwakhe. Xa umbusi wamkela impendulo emihle, ngokukhawuleza walandela umyalelo kwintendelezo ukuba ngoku yayingavunyelwe ukusabalalisa nawaphi na amahemuhemu malunga nentombi kaHashsian.

Lo myalelo kwafuneka ungenise kwiMpress Alexandra Feodorovna. Emva koko wazimisela ukuya eDarmstadt ngokwakhe ukuba azi kakuhle umkhwekazi ngaphambili. Oku kwakungekho mcimbi wesiganeko - oku akuzange kwenzeke kwimbali yaseRashiya okwamanje.

Ukubonakala kunye neminqweno

Ixesha elizayo uMmpress Maria Alexandrovna wenza ingcamango ebalulekileyo kumntu owayephambili. Emva kwintlanganiso yexesha elipheleleyo, kwafunyanwa imvume yomtshato.

Yintoni e mtsalane kwabanye kweli ntombazana yaseJamani? Inkcazo eninzi inkcazo yokubukeka kwayo yashiywe kwiimemori zakhe ngumbhinqa wakhe ohloniphekileyo uAnn Tyutcheva (intombi yesibongo esidumileyo). Ngokutsho kwakhe, uMpress Maria Alexandrovna wayenombala obunqabileyo wesikhumba, iinwele ezimangalisayo kunye nokujonga okubukhali kwamehlo amakhulu aluhlaza okomvu. Ngokuchasene nale mvelaphi, imilomo yakhe egwilileyo yayibonakala yinto engaqhelekanga, eyayisoloko ibonisa ukumomotheka.

Le ntombazana yayinolwazi olunzulu kwimimandla nakwiincwadi zaseYurophu. Imfundo kunye nobubanzi beminqweno yenze umququzelelo kulowo wonke umntu, kwaye abantu abaninzi baye bayeka ukuhlaziywa kwabo ngokugqithiseleyo ngokwemimemo. Ngokomzekelo, umbhali u-Alexei K. Tolstoy wathi ukunyanzezela kwakhe ulwazi alugcini nje ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yabanye abafazi, kodwa kubonakala ukuba kubetha amadoda amaninzi.

Kubonakala enkundleni nasemtshatweni

Umtshato wenziwa kungekudala emva kokuba zonke izikhokelo zenziwe. Umtshakazi wafika ePetersburg ngowe-1840 kwaye wayethuthunyiswa kakhulu ngobuhle nobuhle beRashiya. NgoDisemba wathatha iOrthodoxi waza wabhaptizwa wathola igama likaMaria Alexandrovna. Ngomso kwakukho ukubetha phakathi kwakhe kunye nendlalifa etroneni. Umtshato wenziwa ngomnye emva koko, ngo-1841. Wadlula kwiCawa yaseCathhedral, eyayiseNtshonalanga yaseBlackers yasePetersburg. Ngoku ke enye yendawo yeHermitage, apho kuboniswa khona imibukiso ehleliweyo.

Kwakunzima ukuba intombazana ibe nomtshato obutsha ngenxa yokungazi ulwimi kunye nokwesaba ukungathandwa ngumkhwe wakhe nomkhwekazi. Njengoko kamva yena ngokwakhe wavuma, yonke imihla uMaria wayichitha njengokungathi enezinaliti, wayezibona 'njengesivolontiya', alungele ukukhawuleza naphi na ngomyalelo okhawuleza, umzekelo, ukuwamkela okungalindelekanga. Ubomi belizwe ngokubanzi bekuwumthwalo kwi-tsarevna, kwaye emva koko i-empress. Ngokuyinhloko wayeqhotyoshelwe kumyeni wakhe nabantwana bakhe, bazama ukwenza kuphela ukubanceda, kunye nokungafihli ixesha kwiimeko ezisemthethweni.

Ukuqanjwa kwamalungu omtshato kwabakho ngo-1856 emva kokufa kukaNicholas I. UMaria Alexandrovna oneminyaka engama-30 wathola isikhundla esitsha, esasethusa ngaso sonke ixesha ukuba wayengumkhwenyana womlawuli.

Umntu

Abahlalutyi baqaphela iziqhamo ezininzi ezithathwe nguMpress Maria Alexandrovna. Lo bubele, qaphela abantu, ukunyaniseka ngamazwi nangezenzo. Kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo kunye nephawulekayo yayingumsebenzi wokuba wayenkundleni kwaye wayithatha isihloko kulo lonke ubomi bakhe. Nganye yezenzo zakhe zihambelana nombuso wekhosi.

Wayesoloko ephikisana nenkolo yonqulo kwaye wayemthanda kakhulu. Le mpawu yayinamandla kakhulu kumntu we-empress kangangokuthi kwakulula kakhulu ukumcingela njengendoda kunomntu olawulayo. Ngokomzekelo, uLudovig II (ukumkani waseBavaria) wathi uMaria Aleksandrovna ujikelezwe yi-halo yongcwele. Oku kuziphatha ngeendlela ezininzi akuzange kuguqulwe ngesimo sakhe, ekubeni kwiimeko ezininzi (nokuba zisesimweni) ukuba kukho ubukho bakhe obufunekayo, naphezu kokuziphatha kwakhe okungafaniyo kwihlabathi elingento.

Utyando

Uninzi lwabo bonke uMpress Maria Alexandrovna - umfazi ka-Aleksander 2 - wayaziwa ngokuthanda kwakhe. Kwilizwe lonke ngeendleko zakhe, izibhedlele, iindawo zokuhlala kunye neendawo zokuzivocavoca zavulwa ezafumana i-epithet "Mariinsky". Ingqele, wavula waza wajonga izibhedlele ezingama-5, indawo zokuhlala ezingama-36, izibhengezo ezili-12, iindibano zentando-5. Kwakhona akazange amthintele umphathi wezempepha kunye nemfundo: amaziko amabini, ezine ezine-gymnasiums, amakhulu amakhulu kwizikolo ezincinane zabasebenzi kunye nabasebenzi, njl njl njl njl. Yakhiwa.U-Maria Aleksandrovna wasebenzisa zombini zombuso kunye neendlela zakhe (wanikwa ama-ruble wesiliva angama-50,000 ngonyaka Kwiindleko zakho).

Impilo yoluntu ibe yinto ekhethekileyo yomsebenzi, okwenziwa nguMpress Maria Aleksandrovna. I-Red Cross yabonakala eRashiya ngokusesikweni. Amavolontiya akhe ancedisa amajoni olimele ngexesha lemfazwe eBulgaria ngokumelene neTurkey ngo-1877-1878.

Ukufa kwentombi nendodana

Intlungu enkulu kwintsapho yasebukhosini yayikufa kwendlalifa yetrone. I-Impress Maria Alexandrovna - umfazi ka-Aleksander 2 - wanika indoda eyisibhozo abantwana. Unyana omkhulu uNikolai wazalelwa ngo-1843, iminyaka emibini emva komtshato, xa umkhulu wakhe-amagama akhe wayengukumkani.

Umntwana wayeqaphele ngengqondo yakhe ebukhali kunye nomntu omnandi, apho onke amalungu entsapho ayamthanda. Wayesebenzileyo kwaye wafundiswa xa, ngenxa yengozi, wenzakalisa umhlane wakhe. Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi zezinto ezenzekile. Ingaba uNikolayi wehla ehashe yakhe, okanye wayibetha itafile yeemabula ngexesha lokulwa kunye nomhlobo wakhe. Ekuqaleni le ngxaki yayingabonakali, kodwa ekugqibeleni indlalifa yakhula kwaye yavakalelwa ngakumbi. Ukongezelela, oogqirha bamphatha ngokungalunganga - ukumisela amayeza e-rheumatism engazange ivelise kakuhle, kuba imbangela yangempela yesifo ayibonakalwanga. Kungekudala u-Nikolai wabotshwa kwi-stroller. Oku kwaba yinkxalabo ephazamisayo, eyenziwa nguMpress Maria Alexandrovna. Ukugula kwengane kulandele ukufa kwentombi yokuqala ka-Alexandra, owafa nge-meningitis. Umama wayesoloko enoNikola, nangona xa kunqunywe ukuba kumthumelele eNigeria unyango lwesifo sofuba somgudu, apho wafa eneminyaka eyi-22.

Ukuphucula ubuhlobo nomyeni wakhe

Bobabini uAlexander noMaria ngendlela yabo babenzima ukuhlala kulolu lahleko. Umlawuli wagweba ngenxa yokuba wenza unyana wakhe uqeqeshe kakhulu umzimba, ngenxa yengozi eyenzekayo. Naluphi na ke, kodwa intlekele yahlukanisa loo mbhangqwana.

Ingxaki yayikukuba bonke ubomi babo obundityanisiweyo babenemigangatho efanayo. Ngomso kwakungomiso oqhelekileyo kunye neengxoxo eziqhelekileyo ngemicimbi yedynastic. Ebudeni bemini, isi sibini sadibana nesinye isilwanyana. I-Impress yachitha ngokuhlwa kunye nabantwana, kwaye umyeni wakhe walala njalo kwiimeko zelizwe. Wayeyithanda intsapho, kodwa ixesha lakhe kwakungekho ngokwaneleyo kwiintsapho, ezingenakukuphoswa nguMaria Alexandrovna. UMmpress wazama ukunceda uAlesandria kwimicimbi, ngakumbi kwiminyaka yokuqala.

Emva koko (ekuqalekeni kokulawula) i-tsar yayibonisana nomfazi wayo ngezigqibo ezininzi. Wayesoloko esoloko efikelele kwiingxelo zangoku ziphathiswa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, icebiso lakhe lihambelana nenkqubo yemfundo. Oku kwakukho ngenxa yemisebenzi yokunceda uMmpress Maria Alexandrovna wayebandakanyekile. Kwaye uphuhliso lwezemfundo kule minyaka lufumene inkqubela phambili. Izikolo zavulwa, abalimi babekwazi ukufikelela kuwo, okunye phakathi kwezinye izinto, bakhululwa kwi-serfow phantsi kweAlexander.

I-Impress ngokwayo yayinalo uluvo oluninzi lwe-liberal, eyabelana naye, umzekelo, kunye noKavelin, emxelela ukuba wayemxhasa ngokunyanisekileyo umyeni wakhe enqwenela ukunika inkululeko kwiindawo ezininzi zaseRashiya.

Nangona kunjalo, ngokufika kweManfesto (1861), uMmpress wanyamekela imicimbi yombuso ngenxa yobudlelwane obupholileyo nomyeni wakhe. Oku kwakungenxa yokuziphatha okungahambi kakuhle kweRomanov. Ukumkani ngokuphindaphindiweyo wayedla ngokukhawuleza egodini kangangokuthi uhlala ejonga emva kwegama lomlingane, oko kukuthi, phantsi kwesithende sakhe. Oku kwacaphukisa uAlexandro onothando. Ukongeza, isihloko se-autocrat simbophelele ukuba enze izigqibo kuphela ngentando yakhe, ngaphandle kweengcebiso kumntu. Oku kwakuchaphazela uhlobo lwamandla eRashiya, okukholelwa kuyo, lunikezwa kuThixo kuye kumthanjiswa. Kodwa isahluko sangempela phakathi kwabafazi asikafiki.

Ekaterina Dolgorukova

Ngowe-1859 u-Alexander II wayeqhuba ukuhamba kwiphondo elisenzantsi yombuso (ummandla we-Ukraine okwangoku) -kubhiyozelwa iminyaka eyi-150 ye-Battle of Poltava. UMlawuli wayemi ekutyelelweni kwendawo yeDolgorkovs eyaziwayo. Le ntsapho yayiyisebe evela kubaphathi beRurik. Okokuthi, abameli bakhe babezihlobo ezide zaseRomanovs. Kodwa phakathi kwekhulu le-XIX intsapho yayisetyala njengesiliki, kwaye intloko yayo, uNkosana uMichael, yayineendawo ezilodwa-iTeplovka.

Umlawuli waba sesikhundleni waza wanceda uDolgorukov, ngokukhethekileyo, wahlela oonyana bakhe ukuba awalinde, waza wathumela iintombi zakhe kwiSchool Smolny Institute, ethembise ukuhlawula iindleko ezivela kwisikhwama sobukhosi. Emva koko wadibana ne-Ekaterina Mikhailovna oneminyaka elishumi elinesithathu. Intombazana yammangalisa ngentshisekelo yakhe nothando lobomi.

Ngomnyaka we-1865, i-autocrat yayivakashela isiko likaSmolny Institute of Noble Maidens. Emva koko, emva kokuhamba kwexesha elide wabona uCatherine, owayeneminyaka eyi-18 ubudala. Intombazana yayibuhle obuhle.

Umlawuli, owayenomsindo, waqala ukuthumela izipho kuye ngabancedisi bakhe. Wada waya kutyelela i-incognito yesikolo, kodwa kwagqitywa ukuba yinto eninzi, kwaye intombazana yaxoshwa ngenxa yengxaki yokugula. Ngoku wayehlala ePetersburg waza wabona ukumkani eYadini Yehlobo. Waye wenziwa intombazana yokuhlonipha indlu yaseBlack Palace, eyayiyimpress Maria Alexandrovna. Umfazi ka-Aleksandro II wayekhathazekile kakhulu malunga namahemuhemu ajikeleza intombazana encinci. Ekugqibeleni, uCatherine waya eItali, ukwenzela ukuba angabangeli ihlazo.

Kodwa uAlexandro wayenzulu. Waye wathembisa intandokazi ukuba wayeza kutshata naye ngokukhawuleza. Ehlobo lase-1867, wafika eParis kwisimemo sikaNapoleon III. UDolgorukov waya e-Itali esuka apho.

Ekugqibeleni, umbusi wazama ukuzichazela kwintsapho yakhe, efuna ukuva kuqala nguMaria Alexandrovna. I-Impress, umfazi ka-Alexander II kunye nenkosikazi yaseNtshonalanga yaseNtshonalanga, yazama ukugcina ubungqina kwaye ayizange ivumele ukungquzulana kuhambe ngaphaya kweendawo zokuhlala. Nangona kunjalo, unyana wakhe endala kunye nendlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi yavukela. Kwakungamangalisi. Ixa elizayo uAlexandria III lalipholile kakhulu, kwanaxa eselula kakhulu. Watshitshisa uyise, kwaye naye, wavutha.

Ngenxa yoko, uCatherine wayedlulela kwiNdwendwe yaseBusika waza wazala abantwana abane baseTsar, abaza kuzuza izikhundla zobukhosi baze basemthethweni. Oku kwenzeka emva kokufa komfazi osemthethweni waseAlexander. Umngcwabo weMmpress Maria Alexandrovna wanika uTyar ukuba enze umtshato noCatherine. Wamkela isihloko se princess kunye negama lika-Yurievskaya (njengabantwana bakhe). Nangona kunjalo, umbusi akazange avuyiswe ixesha elide kulo mtshato.

Izifo nokufa

Impilo kaMaria Alexandrovna yayinganyanzelwanga ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Oku kuzalwa ngokukhawuleza, ukutshatyalaliswa kwendoda yakhe, ukufa kwendodana yakhe, kunye nesimo sezulu esinyameni saseSt. Petersburg, apho isiJamani esingumthonyama sasingakulungele kwiminyaka yokuqala yokuhamba. Ngenxa yoko, ukusetyenziswa kwakhe kwaqala, kunye nokuxhalabisa. Ngokweziphakamiso zogqirha wabucala, lo mfazi wayehamba yonke ihlobo lasezantsi eCrimea, ukuba isimo sakhe sezulu sasifanele sikuncede ukuba anqobe esi sifo. Emva kwexesha, lo mfazi wayedla umhlala phantsi. Esinye seziganeko zokugqibela ekuthatheni inxaxheba ebomini babantu babetyelele amabhunga empi ngexesha lokulwa neTurkey ngo-1878.

Ngaloo minyaka, uAlexander II wayehlala ebulawa ngokutsha kwabarhwebi kunye neibhomu. Emva kokuba ukuqhuma kwenzeka kwindawo yokudlela yeNdwendwe yaseBusika, kodwa uMmpress wayegula kakhulu kangangokuthi akazange akhangele, elele emagumbini akhe. Yaye indoda yakhe yasinda kuphela ngenxa yokuba wayehlala eofisini yakhe, ngokuchasene nomkhuba wokutya ngexesha elimisiweyo. Uloyiko oluqhubekayo lobomi bomyeni othandekayo lwadliwa yiminxeba yempilo, eyayihlala nayo uMaria Alexandrovna. I-Impress, enefoto ngexesha layo ibonisa utshintsho olucacileyo ekubonakaleni kwayo, yayinomdla kakhulu kwaye yayibheka njengesithunzi sayo kunomntu omzimba.

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1880 ekugqibeleni walala, ngoxa umyeni wakhe wathuthela eTarsarse Selo kunye neDolgorukova. Wenza uhambo olutshanje kumfazi wakhe, kodwa akakwazi ukwenza nantoni ngandlela-thile impilo yakhe. Isifo sofuba sizathu sokuba uMariya Maria Aleksandrovna wasweleka. I-biografi yalo mfazi ithi impilo yakhe yacinywa ngaloo nyaka, ngo-Juni 3, ngokutsho kwesitayela esitsha.

Ukuphephela kokugqibela kweqabane lika-Alexander II kwafunyanwa yinkcubeko yobukhosi kwiPeter noPaul Cathedral. Umngcwabo weMmpress Maria Alexandrovna waba ngumcimbi wokulila lonke ilizwe, owayemthanda ngokunyanisekileyo.

UAlexandro wasinda kancinci umfazi wakhe wokuqala. Ngo-1881, wafa emva kokulimala ehlaselwa ibhomu ephotywe ngenyawo. U-Emperor wangcwatywa kufuphi noMaria Alexandrovna.