Imaski of Tutankhamun. Ubuncwane Tutankhamun nesiqalekiso engcwabeni lakhe

Ekuqaleni imi- 20-zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwiphulo zakudala waseBritani banqika Lingcwaba omnye ooFaro zoBukumkani Entsha. De kube lelo xesha, indawo yokugqibela yokuphumla likaFaro Tutankhamun , kwiinkulungwane ezili-33, wahlala lomelele. UFaro zange ziphazamise uxolo okanye indoda aphakathi okanye abaphangi amangcwaba amaninzi. A isixa esikhulu ubucwebe eyafumanekayo engcwabeni, izacholo, iisampulu zobugcisa eqaqambileyo, leyo wayedume Egypt Ancient. Le Ma kwi sarcophagus esihle, kwaye ubuso umlawuli yamandulo ivaliwe imaski igolide kaKumkani Tutankhamun.

Howard Carter

A wafumanisa yenziwa ngo-1922, kwiphulo zakudala ekhokelwa yi Howard Carter. Le isazi kwasebuncinaneni bakhe wazinikela kwimbali World Ancient. Ukususela ngo-1899, Carter wathabatha inxaxheba kuloo matutu zakudala. Impumelelo wayivelisela ukufunyanwa kaFaro yokungcwaba obhinqileyo Hatshepsut kwintshona waseNo.

Ukusebenza kunye neNkosi Carnarvon

Ubudlelwane kunye Howard Carter engahlawulwayo zakudala iNkosi Carnarvon wanceda imali ukuze kuphunyezwe injongo alithandayo - ukufumana engcwabeni engekashunyayelwa yomnye wakubaphathi ezininzi zaseYiputa. Ukususela ngowe-1914, iqela ekhokelwa ngokubambisana wemikhwa kunye engahlawulwayo Scientist-intshisakalo, ekuqaleni ngabembi esebenzayo kwintili zookumkani. siyohluleka ezininzi neziphumo nokuthozama emangcwabeni bahlukunyezwe wookumkani bamandulo zipholile Siyithandile indlela intshisakalo, yaye uluntu ziinzululwazi xesha sokuthandabuza amathuba okufumana i ukungcwatywa kungachukunyiswa.

Xa zizonke, bekhangela kumangcwaba engekashunyayelwa abalawuli baseYiputa Carter wachitha iminyaka engama-22 ubudala, kodwa isiphelo nangoku kuvuzwa ukufuna kwakhe. NgoNovemba 4, 1922 wafunyanwa non-ungonakala engcwabeni apho iintsalela kaKumkani Tutankhamun na. buza zakudala kuye kwatsala ingqalelo izazinzulu ezivela ehlabathini lonke, njengokuba abaninzi wambuza ubukho lo mlawuli.

inkosi ulutsha

Tutankhamun ezihlangwini zikayise xa eneminyaka engama-8 okanye 9 ubudala. Igama umlawuli yamandulo kuqala elizongomayo Tutankhaton oko kwakuthetha "Umfanekiso we Aten". Yeyona ezihlangwini lo mvukeli odumileyo uFaro - Akhenaten. Le imbuka odumileyo kuFaro, AmaYiputa ke abakhonzisa udumisa uthixo omtsha - Aton. Fans iinkolelo bamandulo abakuvinjwayo amalizo kunye kulityalwa.

Yonke imfundo likaFaro oselula ngokusekelwe unqulo umfanekiso loThixo kwelanga - Aton. ootitshala yakhe Meillet kunye Horemhba. Meillet ungumbingeleli omkhulu amandla wokumkani elidlulileyo, kunye Horemhba - umthetheli umhlala-phantsi. Bobabini baba awonwabanga umlawuli yangaphambili laseYiputa, ethabathela beneenjongo zabo, efundisa lo kumkani uselula. Ukuba amandla kucingelwa kulo lonke elaseJiputa, Tutankhamun ayikatshintshi izifundo zootitshala zazo ngenkalipho wathabatha utshintsho.

wobukumkani Tutankhamun kaThixo

History of Tutankhamun njengoko umlawuli waseYiputa, eqala emva umbusi ngo-1333 BC. e. UFaro ngokwesiseko lutshintsha indlela yobomi yonqulo nezopolitiko lizwe. Ukususela ngoku, uthixo wakhe njengowongamileyo - Amon, njengoko kwakunjalo ookhokho bakhe phambi Akhenaten; kunye negama lakhe izandi ngathi Tutankhamun. Ababingeleli City Ahetaton, ukuba abawise indawo yonqulo ukuya isithixo, satshatyalaliswa khohlwa. Ngokusemthethweni, ikomkhulu laseYiputa, apho imithetho yemveli koFaro zaseYiputa, baba IThebes, kodwa Tutankhamun uninzi lobomi bakhe mfutshane wachitha eNofu. Ngokwendalo, iindwalutho inkundla, iinkokheli zomkhosi, bezakhiwo kunye nababingeleli bazama Zihlala kufutshane kuFaro.

necropolis of Tutankhamun

Kwanasemva kokufa kwakhe, ihlabathi ngamandla bekuya kuba kufutshane Isithunywa uthixo Amon - ngoko kwakukho omnye amangcwaba yexesha - Saqqara. Kulapha ezinqwenela ukuba amalungiselelo amangcwaba abo abathetheli, ababingeleli kunye nootitshala babesakuba uFaro abatsha. Tutankhamun liyalondolozwa wambuyisela ingcwele yakudala, washiya inani ezikhumbuzo ngobugcisa. Engcweleni Luxor ukugqibezela kwivaranda, wakha imbeko Amenhotep III, agqiba ukwakha itempile Nubian ezukisa lo mlawuli. uthotho amaphulo yasemkhosini nazo olwenziwa Nubia ne Lower eYiputa, ezinye zazo ziye zagqitywa ngempumelelo. Mhlawumbi Tutankhamun yaye malivakale kangangeenkulungwane njengomlawuli kakhulu, kodwa isiphelo wamthabatha ngaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi wobukumkani. Ekugqibeleni, ulawulo lwakhe kungekho eyahlukileyo kwezinye izinto koFaro. Nokuba utshintsho olukhulu uthixo ophakamileyo kwaba into ngaphandle zesiqhelo. UFaro wafa eselula kakhulu ngexesha lokufa kwakhe wayengekafiki-19 leminyaka ubudala. Njengoko esifanele umlawuli lokwenyaniso laseYiputa, ukumkani anyamekele indlu yakhe - Tutankhamun nePiramidi yakhiwa ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe.

Engcwabeni Tutankhamun

Ngexesha ubukho kwentili of Kings, umYiputa abakhi endiyakhele ukuba ookumkani bazo 65 emangcwabeni. kwabakho yakhiwa Iphiramidi ka Tutankhamen. Ithekhinoloji Ukwakhiwa emangcwabeni engama 500 aliguqukanga. Ububanzi iliwa kwisigaba yagubha, yade yaba emhlabeni ukuya ubunzulu m 200, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni kwigumbi yokungcwaba. Embindini ka sarcophagus iseyilana engundoqo imvelaphi inyuselwa khona, apho omnye amathathu ukubeka ibhokisi. Owokugqibela wazimisa umzimba kaFaro. Le bhokisi engaphandle yayenziwe ngamaplanga nengubo, nto leyo imifanekiso Ixhalanga nephimpi. Ezi mpawu amelwe i North woMzantsi waseYiputa. Imifanekiso yezilwanyana namanje uzibuze ngomsebenzi omhle yaye rich lokubhalela. uphaphe ngalunye phezu kwamaphiko luyirhiwula, isikali ngamnye ukwesona a cobra kubaluleke kakhulu iqhotyoshelweyo, zonke iinkcukacha ziye kwenziwa ngononophelo iinkosi ezingaziwayo.

kwebhokisi sesibini ezihonjiswe eglasi. Wadlala indima umlamleli phakathi ezweni labaphilayo kunye kwelabafileyo. Le bhokisi wesithathu leyo, apho umzimba letut elalenziwe ukusuka kuxwebhu ngegolide ecocekileyo. Amanxiwa irhuluneli babekwa ngelinen ecikizekileyo, nobuso bakhe wazigquma lengcwaba ezizenza Tutankhamun. A Zininzi izinto ezibe "yokuhlala Golden" wahlala lixesha kwaye uphile namhlanje phantse mba ngokupheleleyo. Izinto kwingcwaba Tutankhamun, ezingqonge umzimba womfi, bamangaliswa iziyolo zayo nobutyebi, nganye kwezi imisebenzi yobugcisa kukuququzelela ubomi umlawuli ebukumkanini kwabafileyo.

Imfihlakalo ukufa

Noko ke, ubomi yaye ulawulo umlawuli waseYiputa ngelo xesha oosonzululwazi abanomdla. Kakhulu mnandi ngakumbi ngayo ukufumana isizathu sokuba ukufa bokuqala. yeengcinga eziliqela ethunyelwe ukuchaza imfihlelo Kubala ka Tutankhamun. Ukufa kwakhe kwaba ibamba iyingenelo Ay, owayelawula eYiputa emva kokufa ngumlawuli oneminyaka eli-19 ubudala. Tutankhamun nyanya ababingeleli ibhukuqwe Aton, abaphulukana imizi yabo neetempile. Phakathi ezibangela yokufa ezazichazwa ukutsarhwa, ukwenzakala entloko okanye ityhefu. Ke 2005 uphando lubonakalise ukuba ukwenzakala entloko ubuhlungu kuFaro emva kokufa kwakhe, mhlawumbi, sifunyenwe ngenxa bomisa ngomlawuli umzimba. Enye yi elahla hypothesis kukho ukufa, ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezintsha ubomi elifutshane likaFaro abatsha.

ezi zifundo

Umlawuli enkulu iYiputa, njengoko izazinzulu, waye abanezifo mfana uyagula ababesazi imbali iinguqulelo ezininzi yemfuza ukuba ukubandezeleka, kunye nezinye ngoofaro zaseYiputa yale ubukhosi. Tutankhamun ayikwazanga ukuhamba ngokuqhelekileyo, oko kuthityazwa ngamandla kwaye azigqibeleli inani naso nonyawo wonyawo lwakhe lwasekunene. Ekugqibeleni, iqela labaphandi liqaphele nobangela wokufa, umlawuli waseYiputa. Wayesele kakhulu inegciwane Plasmodium falciparum, ebangela imalariya kakhulu. Usulelo iye ebulalayo kukumkani, umzimba leyo eye wathwaxwa izifo iziphene nongcungcutheko okubangelwe ngesibetho okanye bawe ihashe.

Ukufunyanwa kwe engcwabeni

Notes Howard Carter ukuthetha malunga neminyaka elide ekufuneni ngokukhankanywa incinane entilini zookumkani. Eneneni, ngokuba iiphiramidi amathathu eminyaka ezaliswe isanti, eli lizwe yatshintsha imilo, batshintsha ilizwe amandulo indawo uncedo ekuthiwa eYiputa. Tutankhamun iye yaphela emva umkhusane imbali kangangokuba abaphengululi abaninzi yake yaba khona. Kuphela kweminyaka emininzi kamva emva kokuqalisa yokomba kwintili zookumkani, phantsi endlwini yomnye abasebenzi, Carter wabona amanyathelo ezehlela. Izinto ezembiwayo baye bafumanisa engcwabeni wokumkani, bangaphazamiseki okanye baphangi okanye iintlekele zemvelo. Kuyabonakala ukuba, abakhi, ukwakha igumbi zikaFaro kamva ixesha, ezele ngocoselelo emnyango wengcwaba letut. February 16, 1923 Carter wavula "Golden lahlala" - ukwalathisa indawo yokuphumla likaFaro. Kuba elabafileyo umlawuli yamandulo yaba ngaphezu kwamawaka amathathu ubucwebe kunye nemisebenzi yobugcisa wadala yi iingcibi ngamaYiputa amandulo. Phakathi izinto afunyanwa kunye ebhedini, wazigquma ngeemakhishithi zegolide ecocekileyo, ngegolide engathi ngumfanekiswana iinqwelo zokulwa, imifuziselo iinqanawa nangemichako emabalabala kunye nezinto nokuhombisa ezininzi.

Ma uFaro

umzimba komlawuli kuthe kwafunyanwa kuphela yesithathu lokungcwaba emgceni. imizamo Ma pogrebalschikov wamandulo yawusongela ngezisongelo zelinen ngelinen ecikizekileyo. Le ingubo kwarhoxiswa ezihonjiswe appliqué esilukiweyo ebonisa izandla zegolide. UFaro ngokungathi ephethe intonga kunye isabhokhwe - imiqondiso yamandulo yomlawuli. Phakathi ingubo yelinen zaba eninzi izacholo kunye nezinto kaFaro, kunye bands ezinqamlezayo ngegolide ecocekileyo, babebhala nemithandazo yamandulo nemifanekiso kwincwadi kwabafileyo. Xa yimbeleko kusetyenziswa ezaqanjwa ibhedolaki ngoku yalahleka, nto leyo kangangeenkulungwane mathathu ngokuqinileyo unamathela komngcwabo iquka umzimba lo mama wakhe.

into emangalisayo

Kodwa isiphumo kakhulu eyamangalisa imaski ka Tutankhamun, egubungele ubuso bakhe. Ibhalwa ngokwayo phambi kwamehlo zakudala indalo ezimangalisayo iinkosi zamandulo. Le nto Sifanele inkcazelo eyahlukileyo. Iimaski abalawuli eYiputa kakhulu okufana elo xesha. Kodwa akukho namnye imaski yokungcwaba akazange abone abaphila. Ityala eli amasela Kwelabafileyo ngubani yonakalisa emangcwabeni yamandulo amawaka eminyaka. Kuyinto ngenxa ukuya archeologists abamnyama Egyptology mihla khangela yeengcinga zabo kunye nokucingela asekelwe kuphela embalwa akaqhotyoshelwanga yephange ingcwaba. Kwaye ke kubaluleke ngakumbi kwafunyanwa ezifunyenwe Carter ukungcwatywa yamandulo kungachukunyiswa.

Inkcazelo uFaro imaski

Gold ezizenza Tutankhamun Azigubungele intloko nakumphezulu ngomlawuli umzimba. Lilonke ubunzima baso 11.26 kg. Le igugu ngobuciko okuzalisekileyo iqhotyoshelwe umzimba ongentla ubuso umlawuli waseYiputa. Isigqumathelo imele ubuso likaFaro ezinkulu amehlo, makhe phantsi amehlo kwistibhiya benziwa of obsidian. Lo iqhekeza emangalisayo zobugcisa yenziwe Iphepha engqindilili ngegolide ezihonjiswe izivatho ezizodwa. Isikhafu, namashiya iinkophe wayalela mnyama iglasi blue yomqala yokuphumla ayilwe phezu kwesifuba a Mama, ukuba ihonjiswe ngamatye eziphantse-anqabileyo. Gold ezizenza Tutankhamun ngenxa intlaka ekhethekileyo enuka ibihleli ngqo ubuso mama wakhe. Kwathabatha umsebenzi elide kwaye emikhulu ukuze ukwahlula into ekhethekileyo, ngaphandle uyalibhuqa ubuhle bayo. Kwaye ngenxa ubugcisa ezindala, zesayensi mihla bakwazi ukubona ngokuqinisekileyo elifanelekileyo iimpawu kobuso kaFaro wamandulo.

uphawu Egyptian

Okumangalisayo zakudala ayithole ngokubanzi ingxelo zipapashwa kunokubangela kwiingxoxo ezahlukeneyo nokucingela okolonauchnyh. Igama Tutankhamun yaziwa ngokubanzi, baba sisikhubekiso kuye kwakhula umdla kwesi sifundo zangaphambili laseYiputa kunye ihlabathi lamandulo xa iyonke.

imaski Golden King TUT usenalo ixabiso ethile kwimarike. Le izihombiso yamandulo bukwazi zembali ixabiso, yenkcubeko nezacholo. Ngandlel 'ithile, imaski ka Tutankhamun kwaye luphawu eYiputa mandulo kunye mihla, lo mboniso ephambili National Museum e Cairo. Wayesoloko wazama utshontsha ilinge lokugqibela yenziwa ngo-2011 ngexesha ekuthiwa-Spring zaseYiputa. abemi Modern laseYiputa zezenu imaski bakhuselwe, imikhosi yamandulo alinde iimfihlelo Tutankhamen ngaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu. AmaYiputa Siyathemba ukuba ilizwe labo bamandulo uza kuphinda kungekudala kuba lelinye lamazwe kakhulu ehlabathini, kunye ezizenza Tutankhamun kweli ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kunceda.