Old uhlanga Russian: ukuqinisekisa ukusekwa kunye nokubaluleka zembali

Indlela ukwenza uhlanga Old Russian? Uphuhliso lobudlelwane feudal zenzeke ngexesha loguqulelo zobumbano zezizwe i seLizwe, oko kukuthi imibutho karhulumente ngamnye. Kule nkqubo iqala imbali Kievan Rus. Imfundo Old karhulumente Russian kwaye ukuyilwa amandulo uhlanga Russian - iinkqubo ezinxulumene.

Yintoni andulela aphantsi Kievan Rus? Ziziphi izinto negalelo lokusekwa uhlanga yamandulo Russian?

base karhulumente

Ngenkulungwane yesithoba uluntu Slavic ifikelele kumgangatho apho kufuneka kwasekudalweni zomthetho iingxabano nkqubo olawula. Livumela kwenzeka ngenxa nokungalingani. State - olu sikhokelo esemthethweni ukuba bakwazi ukucombulula iingxaki ezininzi. Ngaphandle kwalo, into yembali, njengoko uhlanga yamandulo Russian ayikwazanga ayisekho. Ukongeza, ukuba umanyano izizwana kuyimfuneko kuba urhulumente usoloko yomelele ezinganxulumananga kwezinye oozilawuli ngamnye.

Kwi xa urhulumente wavela, idibanisa kunye empuma nokuxubana, ababhali-mbali bathi unanamhla. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane IX Ilmen nokuxubana Finno-Ugric izizwe baqalisa uDlamini ukuba iinkokeli zengingqi ekubeni linyathelo lithemba: zokumema abalawuli abanamava, uzifumane yaseScandinavia.

Abaphathi abathe Vikings

Ngokweerekhodi zembali, iinkokeli izilumko wathumela umyalezo Rurik kunye nabazalwana bakhe, echaza ukuba ilizwe labo sisityebi, otyebileyo, kodwa akukho uxolo kuyo, ezinye feuds nembambano. Le leta wamema lo Scandinavians lokulawula imiyalelo ngqo. Isindululo abalawuli balapho yayingenanto ukuba nazintloni. basemzini Noble badla Kumenywa ukulungiselela le njongo.

Isiseko of Kievan Rus negalelo kumanyano phantse zonke izizwe Mpuma Slavic, ebekuthethwe ngazo zemihla ngemihla. Belarusian, Russian kunye Ukrainian - inzala abemi oozilawuli feudal amanyene likarhulumente, elisuke laba enye enamandla kakhulu bamaXesha Aphakathi.

legend

Esi sixeko yayilikomkhulu glades wesizwe Slavic. wayeke yena usihlalo, ngokutsho legend, Ky. Wamnceda ukulawula Isidlele kunye eHorebhe. Kyïv wema ekwahlukaneni kweendlela, kwindawo elula kakhulu. Apha ukwabelana kuthenga ingqolowa, izixhobo, izilwanyana, uhombiso, amalaphu aqhelekileyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uyakubona eHorebhe & Isidlele ethile shwaka. Nokuxubana imbeko ukuya Khazars. Wadlula Normans wathabatha 'zaduka' umzi. Imvelaphi Kiev ligutyungelwe imfihlakalo. Kodwa nokudalwa isixeko - omnye ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze kwakhiwe uhlanga yamandulo Russian.

Noko ke, inguqulo ngumseki of Kiev izidlele, obala amathandabuzo ngaphezulu. Kunoko, le intsomi, inxalenye lo amaqhawe yesizwe.

Kutheni Kiev?

Le dolophu yasungulwa intliziyo kummandla omiweyo yi Eastern nokuxubana. Indawo Kiev, njengokuba kuthiwe, Kuyinto elula kakhulu. emaqeleni Wide, umhlaba ochumileyo kunye zamahlathi. Kwisixeko kwakukho zonke iimeko ekufuyeni, ukuzingela, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - kuba ukuziphendulela utshaba lokuhlasela.

Yeyiphi imithombo yembali uthini ngemvelaphi Kievan Rus? Kwisehlo East Slavic karhulumente, kwaye ngenxa yoko - kunye nobuzwe yamandulo Russian, ngokutsho "I Tale of adlulileyo Years". Emva Rurik, ebize amandla zokufunwa inkokheli, waba ngumlawuli Novgorod, Oleg. Igor ayikwazanga ukuphatha ngenxa eselula.

Oleg ikwazile ukubethelela igunya phezu Kiev ne Novgorod.

izinto zembali

Old ubuzwe Russian - noluntu yobuhlanga, leyo elimanyeneyo izizwe East Slavic ukwenza urhulumente feudal. Kuyimfuneko ukuba bathi amagama ambalwa oko kuza phantsi kwale kota zembali.

Nobuzwe - into yembali, okufana xesha lokuqala wobukhosi. Oku uluntu labantu abangengomalungu wesizwe. Kodwa ke nangoku abangengobemi karhulumente, leyo umanyano kwezoqoqosho. Yintoni ubuzwe yahlukile isizwe? mbali Modern namhlanje musa afikelele kwisivumelwano. Kulo mba kusaxoxwa. Kodwa singatsho ngokuzithemba ukuba isizwe - kuveza abantu abaqhelekileyo kummandla, inkcubeko, amasiko nezithethe.

periodization

Phantsi kwe sihloko - uhlanga Old Russian. Kwaye ke ngoko kubalulekile ngokucaphula periodization wophuhliso Kievan Rus:

1. Appearance.
2. Ukudubula kweentyatyambo.
3. ukuqhekeka wobukhosi.

Ixesha lokuqala ibhekisa lesithoba seshumi-iinkulungwane. Kwaba lelo xesha ke izizwe Mpuma Slavic baqalisa ukuba uguqulwe ube kuluntu enye. Kakade ke, umahluko phakathi kwabo iyanyamalala kancane. Ngenxa yoko, unxibelelwano esebenzayo kunye kukuhlangana zeelwimi ezininzi ulwimi Old Russian kwasekwa. Lwenza izinto yoqobo kunye nenkcubeko ngokomoya.

ekuhlangabezaneni zezizwe

izizwe Eastern lenqaba wahlala phezu intsimi, leyo subordinated ukuba igunya elinye. Ngaphandle embambanweni rhoqo ukuba kwenzeka kwinqanaba lokugqibela uphuhliso Kievan Rus. Kodwa ubudlelwane bentsebenziswano eyinzuzo kwakhokelela ukuvela izithethe namasiko eqhelekileyo.

Old ubuzwe Russian - inkcazelo oluquka nje uluntu ubomi kwezoqoqosho, ulwimi, inkcubeko kunye nommandla. Lo mqondo luluntu equlathe basic, kodwa iiklasi ezingadibaniyo - izinduna kunye nabalimi.

Formation ubuzwe ubudala Russian yaba yinkqubo ethatha ixesha elide. Ingakumbi inkcubeko nolwimi abantu abahlala kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo karhulumente, aye alondolozwa. Umahluko nje ukuyisusa, nangona rapprochement. Kamva, yayisebenza isiseko ukuyilwa izizwe Russian, Ukrainian kunye Belarusian.

Le mbono "uhlanga yamandulo Russian" angalahlekelwa ukufaneleka kwayo, ngenxa yokuba lo mphakathi enye ingcambu izizwe emaqandeni. Abahlali Russia, Ukraine kunye Belarus nazisa ukutyhubela iinkulungwane kufutshane ingqiqo inkcubeko, ulwimi. Intsingiselo yembali uhlanga yamandulo Russian inkulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yangoku yezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho. Ukwenzela ukuqinisekisa oku, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela amacandelo loo ekuhlaleni, oko kukuthi, ulwimi, amasiko nenkcubeko.

Imbali lolwimi Old Russian

Abameli zezizwe Mpuma Slavic bayazana ukususela phambi kwesiseko Kievan Rus.

ulwimi Old Russian - it bantu, ngubani belimiwe kwintsimi karhulumente feudal elesithandathu kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine. A enkulu indima ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko nemidlalo ukuvela yokubhala. Xa wayethetha ngexesha ngokuzalwa ulwimi Old Russian, ababhali kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe, imbonakalo imisebenzi yokuqala boncwadi kunganxulunyaniswa kwinkulungwane yeshumi. Kunye nokudalwa Cyrillic alphabet iqala uphuhliso lokubhala. Kukho ekuthiwa Kronike, nto leyo nayo ngamaxwebhu ezibalulekileyo zembali.

ethnos Old Russian waqala uphuhliso yayo ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe, kodwa elinesine, ngenxa avezwa feudal eqhekekileyo, babonakala utshintsho intetho abahlali abahlala entshona, ezantsi, empuma, Kievan Rus. Kwaba ngoko ukuba iziyelelane, kamva benziwa kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo: Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian.

isiko

A vangama amava yobomi babantu - ukubalisa amabali. Ngokutshiselwa lokucheba zabantu eRashiya, eUkraine Belarus, yaye namhlanje kukho ukufana ezininzi. Njani na imibongo yomlomo?

Xa kwizitalato Russian karhulumente bebhadula iimvumi isitalato Old, bebhadula abadlali kunye neemvumi. Bonke waba igama eliqhelekileyo - iyahlekisa. mibala lobuciko idale isiseko imisebenzi emininzi ngoncwadi zomculo wadala kakhulu kamva.

Iimpawu zophuhliso kwizikolo zikarhulumente ekuqaleni wobukhosi le Epos. Folk singers yengxoxo umanyano Kievan Rus. Characters bylinas (umz kwimbaleki Mikula Selyanovich) buboniswa epics zizityebi, ngamandla nokuzenzela. Nangona isibakala sokuba eli hero a umlimi.

Folk art nempembelelo ngayo iintsomi namabali ukuba iphuhlise ebandleni kunye namajelo eendaba yehlabathi. Kwaye lo nempembelelo ibonakala nenkcubeko ixesha. Omnye umthombo lokudala imisebenzi zoncwadi nababhali Kievan Rus waba ibali emkhosini.

uphuhliso loqoqosho

Ngexesha lokusekwa abameli uhlanga Russian yamandulo zezizwe Mpuma Slavic waqalisa ukuphucula izixhobo. Ezolimo, Noko ke, omzalayo. The main amashishini - ezolimo - isetyenziswe ngokubanzi Rahl, iifotsholo, amagaba, ensimbi, amakhuba ezinamavili.

inkqubela ebonakalayo lokusekwa karhulumente yamandulo Russian yafikelela seengcibi. Nabakhandi wafunda umsindo, usile, Polish. Abameli kulo msebenzi wamandulo kwenziwa malunga ikhulu elinamanci mahlanu iintlobo iimveliso ezenziwe ngentsimbi. Ingakumbi famous nabakhandi ikrele yamandulo. Zomdongwe, processing iinkuni kwakhona ayenziwa. Products Masters Old ayesaziwa kude ngaphaya kwemida karhulumente.

Formation isizwe negalelo kuphuhliso zobugcisa kunye nezolimo, nto leyo kamva kwakhokelela ekwandeni kuphuhliso lobudlelwane zorhwebo. Kievan Rus ukuphuhlisa ubudlelwane kwezoqoqosho kunye namazwe angaphandle. Esebenzisa imeko yamandulo Russian yaba kwindlela yorhwebo 'ukusuka Vikings ukuya namaGrike. "

ubudlelwane wobukhosi

Old Education ubuzwe Russian kwenzeka phakathi imvume feudalism. Yintoni na indlela yonxulumano loluntu? Feudalists, unya apho sithetha kangaka malunga mbali yiSoviet, enyanisweni, kanzulu ezandleni zabo amandla kunye nobutyebi. Basebenzisa umsebenzi amagcisa zasezidolophini kunye nabalimi zixhomekeke. Feudalism negalelo ekwakhiweni kobudlelwane ingumbuso ezimbaxa ebesazi kwimbali of the Ages Aphakathi. Yena obumntwisiweyo amandla karhulumente i-Prince omkhulu Kiev.

ingxabano class

smerdy yamahlwempu ngayo lifa wobukhosi. Kwayenza imbeko. I baphila inzima ndithi nabalimi kunye nezicaka. Njengoko kwamanye amazwe aphakathi Kievan Rus ekugqibeleni lonyuka ukuxhatshazwa feudal kangangokuba ekuqaleni qhankqalazo. Sokuqala senzeka kunyaka 994. Imbali kokufa Igor, ngubani kunye layo wakhe wagqiba ngenye imini ukuqokelela irhafu okwesihlandlo sesibini, kuye kwafika kubo bonke. umsindo yabantu - kwimbali isenzeko eyoyikekayo, esizakukhokelela emthundeza imbambano, unya, kwaye maxa wambi nkqu imfazwe.

Umlo kwizidalwa

izizwe Channel yaseScandinavia baqhubeka zabo karhataka naxa izizwe Mpuma Slavic sele amelwe uluntu ngokobuhlanga. Ukongeza, Kievan Rus Alwa umzabalazo eqhubekayo nxamnye ingxokolo i Khazar Khanate. Abahlali karhulumente Old Russian zibonisa ngenkalipho utshaba lokuhlasela. Kwaye asilindelanga ukuba omnye kuhlaselwa lutshaba, yaye, ngaphandle ukucinga kabini, banduluka. amabutho Old Russian ngokufuthi ofakelwe onyuka utshaba karhulumente. Izenzo zabo ezukileyo ezibhalwe yemihla, epics.

bobuhedeni

umanyano Territorial yomelezwa kakhulu ebudeni bolawulo Vladimira Svyatoslavovicha. Kievan Rus wenze uphuhliso ebonakalayo, abarhola umzabalazo ngokwanelisayo yimpumelelo nxamnye izenzo karhataka weenkosana Lithuanian kunye Polish.

Ngabahedeni yaba nefuthe elibi ukuyilwa umanyano uhlanga. Oku utsha ukuba imfuneko nkolo entsha, ekufuneka ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ngumKristu. Ayisasaze phezu kummandla Russia waqala Askold. Kodwa ke Kiev wathimba iNkosana Novgorod, wabatshabalalisa iicawa zamaKristu kutshanje akhiwa.

Ukuqaliswa ukholo entsha

Mission lokufakela unqulo omtsha phezu Vladimir. Noko ke, abalandeli ubuhedeni eRashiya kwakukho abaninzi. Le ulwe nabo lwaqhutywa iminyaka emininzi. Nokuba phambi kokwamkelwa ubuKristu bathinjelwe yaye lizama ukuba liphucule unqulo lobuhedeni. Vladimir Enkulu, umzekelo, kunyaka 980 ivume ukuba bakho oothixo iqela elikhokelwa Perun. Kwakufuneka ingcamango, nobunye kurhulumente lonke. Ukujolisa wakhe ukuba abe eyayiseKiev.

Ubuqaba, nangona kunjalo, uye waphila yokusebenziseka kwaso. Ngako oko, uVladimir, emva kakhulu neenzame, bakhetha Orthodox. Xa ukhetho yakhokelwa ikakhulu izinto ezisebenzayo.

esinzima

Ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, inkosana weva uluvo ababingeleli eziliqela, ngaphambi kokuba wenze isigqibo. Ngamnye waziwa ukuba inyaniso. Ihlabathi yamaMuslim ifuna Vladimir, kodwa nolwaluko lwakhe bogey. Ukongeza, le theyibhile Russian ayikwazi kuba ngaphandle yehagu kunye newayini. Ukholo Prince amaYuda yaye akazange sithembele. IsiGrike inemibala, ezikhwankqisayo. ekugqibeleni A kwezepolitiki ugqibe ukhetho ka Vladimir.

Inkolo, isithethe, amasiko - konke oku sidibanisa abemi yamazwe apho ayeke ahlala izizwe zimanyene ubuhlobo yamandulo yobuhlanga. Nkqu eminyaka kamva, unxulumano phakathi kweentlanga ezifana Russian, Ukrainian kunye Belarusian, ndawonye.