Yintoni na kuMbindi Ages, olunjani ngexesha? Abanemvume: inkcazelo, ixesha kunye periodization

"Abanemvume" - ibinzana yavela ixesha kamva kakhulu, bona kuboniswe. ukuba ekuqaleni yaqalisa, ukuze kumiselwe ixesha kokuvalwa esingqongqo kuyo yonke into iye yanxulunyaniswa kudala. Oku ixesha emva kokuwa Western uBukhosi baseRoma, yaye waqhubeka kwaze ekuqaleni Renaissance, xa nomdla eRoma yamandulo Greece aduma ngokomeleleyo ukuba kuqale.

Time izakhelo ziyahluka

Oku kuphela kwiinkulungwane nama-VI kwaye XVI, kwaye kule nkulungwane yeminyaka ibizwa ngokuba ngamaXesha Aphakathi. Kakade ke, ixesha ngqo kumaXesha Aphakathi akukasekwa. Izimvo kakhulu. Ngokuba kwaye ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII, kuba emva kokuwa kweConstantinople ngo-1453 (omnye komnye umda kuMbindi Ages isiphelo), kunye breaks ezincinci omnye emva komnye isiganeko isikhonkwane, enika inkululeko engakumbi ebantwini. Yaye ngamnye kubo abe iqela elithile-mbali kukuba umhla ekupheleni 'amaxesha mnyama ", nangona lo gama yoxwebhu ingaphezulu malunga Early na Phakathi Ages. Ngo zigaba Imihla ziquka ukufunyanwa of America (1492) kunye ekuqaleni UHlaziyo (ekulweni ukuxhatshazwa of the Catholic Church), kwabangelwa 1517. Oku kwalandelwa revolution IsiNgesi, ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi, Uxolo LwaseWestphalia kunye namalungelo alinganayo amaKatolika namaProtestanti. Yaye ngamnye kwezi ziganeko sibi eYurophu ibonwa kangangoko kwixesha elisikiweyo modievistami lokugqibela zamaXesha Aphakathi.

Izikolo - izimvo ezahlukeneyo

Abameli modievistiki bafunda ikakhulu ngembali European kumaXesha Aphakathi, yaye emva kwezehlo ezifanayo zenzeka eRashiya, yaye ngakumbi, e-Asia, eAfrika, empengempengeni nje Melika. Phakathi izazinzulu kukho abaxhasi kumaXesha Aphakathi elide. Xa mbono zabo zisekelwe kwidatha epheleleyo ngakumbi kwi utshintsho oluphawulekayo zonke zikhabane abantu ngokupheleleyo. Ukuqala mihla babubone ekuqaleni French Revolution. Akukho sivumelwano malunga ekuqaleni kweli thuba xesha. Xa "Imbali Uluntu" - edition UNESCO Encyclopedic - umda phakathi ihlabathi lamandulo yaye kumaXesha Aphakathi edibene mzuzu ye ngokuvela Islam. Ngokucacileyo, zonke nzulu unelungelo kuluvo lwabo.

Bekude kombono

Ngoko ke yintoni i "abanemvume"? Ngako oko, ngenxa imilinganiselo kwimbali yabantu, ixesha elifutshane, nkqubo leyo iquka kakhulu. ngezigaba ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso loluntu, bekukho inkolo entsha kunye lizwe, wavula amazwekazi bazalwa kunye izazinzulu brilliant, watshintsha imbono yehlabathi nenzululwazi ngokubanzi, kwabakho "yokufudukela enkulu izizwe." Kucacile ukuba, ingqiqo lwayo kufuneka zibonwe iinqwelomoya ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuba, eneneni, ababewunikiwe zenkohlakalo abazinikeleyo Kwamacala ngenkohlakalo zicinezelwa oko ukuba unaloo kombono, ekupheleni eli xesha kufuneka luthathwe namalungelo alinganayo ukuze abameli iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo, hayi ukubonakala yobuciko Renaissance buchopho.

twins

Yintoni ngamaXesha Aphakathi? Ngokufutshane, kuvakala ngathi - ixesha lophuhliso yezembali uluntu phakathi yamandulo (ihlabathi lamandulo) kunye nexesha Entsha. Enye into, apho baqala iphela Antiquity namaxesha New. isigaba ngasinye umlando inkqubo yayo kwezentlalo noqoqosho: Antiquity - ubukhoboka, aphakathi - bondage, amaxesha mihla - le wongxowankulu. Ixesha elibekiweyo of the Ages Aphakathi eYurophu, hayi ngokupheleleyo idibana kuphela feudalism, kwaye apha, umzekelo, eRashiya, isidumbu sakhe yatshatyalaliswa ngo-Oktobha 1917. Kwamanye amazwe, imiphumo intsalela ye feudalism sele onganyelwe kangaka kude. Kwaye ngokuphathelele eYurophu izimvo ezahlukeneyo abaphandi. Ku Kungaphikiswa ukuba ixesha elide, aphakathi kumazwe waba iinkqubo ezininzi, yaye kuzo zonke iinkalo. Ngokucacileyo, iyinene, kuba akukho tshintsho kwingxelo team zenzeka.

Ukuvela ingqikelelo

Inguqulelo eqhelekileyo kukuba ukuvela, izinga lokuqaqamba kunye nokwandiswa feudalism - na ixesha kumaXesha Aphakathi. Kwaye igama elithi ngokwayo iveziwe nabantu Italian (umzekelo, eyabuzwa Biondo), ngubani wayalela inzame enkulu ngenxa imvuselelo zakudala Latin. Baye ezimiselwe ixesha phambi ngexesha esahlula ukusuka kudala ayeze, ibinzana aevum medium, uThandeka njenge "IU kubo aeuim", gama elo elithetha "yobudala phakathi". Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubudala elifutshane ngexesha avareji xa kuthelekiswa ubukho ihlabathi lamandulo, amaxesha ezahlukeneyo iimpawu ezahlukileyo baba ezingundoqo, ngoko kukho periodization of the Ages Aphakathi.

isidingo sokuba periodization

It is a division-12 yehlabathi ukukhonya yembali yabantu abangakwaziyo izihlandlo ezithathu eziphambili. Libhekisela kwixesha lokuqala, kukunaba ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ukuya phakathi V XI, yaye ibizwa ngokuba ekuqaleni ephakathi. Classic, okanye i-High Ages Aphakathi, weza ngoko nangoko emva kweqonga (ngenkulungwane XI) lwangaphambili kwaye bagqiba ngenkulungwane XIV. Kamva, waphelisa kumaXesha Aphakathi, ikwabizwa ngokuba ixesha Early Entsha. ixesha lakhe - XIV-XVI eminyaka. Le historiography yenkulungwane XX iye yatshintsha kakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo yesikolo French, eyenziwe yajikeleza lo lindixesha "Annals," athanda ukuyibeka embekweni kunye igama lakhe. umbono wabo of "kumaXesha Aphakathi elide." Ngaba ngoMay

iimpawu uphawu zamaXesha Aphakathi Early

Ukuqala of the Ages Aphakathi ingqamana kunye nokwandiswa ebalulekileyo kummandla apho kuvela impucuko lwasentshona yaseYurophu. A phawu uphawu kumaXesha Aphakathi Early nguye ukuyilwa ithi kummandla Great Britain, France, Saxony, eRashiya. Ngeli xesha, nto leyo ithatha malunga 5 iinkulungwane, kwabakho "yokufudukela enkulu yabantu", olusekelwe phezu ayehlasela Huns ukusuka Asia ukuya eMpuma Yurophu, nto leyo kwimiphetho the Western uBukhosi baseRoma. izizwe Potesnenny Huns bafudukela ikakhulu eGaul, eSpeyin, Italy ne Dacia. Enye inkalo eli thuba umlando inguqu ukusuka ubuhedeni kubuKristu, ukuthatha indawo phantsi kwephiko yamaRoma Katolika, ogama indima kweli xesha kunzima ukuba zazi.

amakhosi Empire

KumaXesha Aphakathi - oko ukukhonya webandla. Yaba undoqo impucuko Western, yena ibize ndaweninye okokugqibela abantu ngeenxa ngokwayo, kwaye kananjalo oko yaba liziko inkcubeko. Wabeka kunye nobudlelwane ezintsha zemveliso - kukho feudalism, olusekelwe phezu ukubusa ezinkulu ifike propati. Asikwazi athi malunga nemvelaphi karhulumente kweli xesha franc, imigaqo ubukhosi Carolingian, leyo, yaBameli uKarl Veliky, nobunye intsimi, lokusondela ubukhulu kummandla awayephantsi Western uBukhosi baseRoma. Gcina lo bukhosi ayiphumelelanga. Kuba Middle Ages Ekuqaleni ngokubanzi luphawulwa Ukwahluka emideni obaqala States. Yonke into kule nkqubo yemfundo kunye nokwakhiwa. Qala ukuphuhlisa iintsingiselo ezithile zoncwadi - Middle Ages Early ixesha segolide ukuvela lo amaqhawe abacimi. Ngokubanzi, "kwiZigaba Aphakathi" - ". Song of the Nibelungs" a "Lay" kwaye yaseFransi "Ingoma of Roland", Spanish "I Umbongo we-CID" kunye German Ngoko ke amaxesha abazange kakhulu "mnyama".

Iimfazwe kunye neemvukelo njengoko Motors inkqubela

kanye Igama kwesigaba esilandelayo - "high", "Classic", "abaqolileyo" abanemvume - ithi kweli xesha laphela yaye banda (yaye ke ngoko eyona nemveliso) kuqale kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ekugqibeleni kwakhiwa ubudlelwane bondage, ukomeleza igunya engundoqo, ukuba ibe iklasi-ummeli neNgonyama (xa abameli kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo inxaxheba ekuqulunqweni imithetho). Eli xesha ke kuphela iimpawu zakhe semvelo - aqalile kuvela ephalamende kunye namaqela ezopolitiko. Not imyekile xesha, ngapha feuds egazi. Ezababulalayo ikota yeemfazwe yelizwe dynastic le Rose, xa inxalenye yabantu, amalungu abathembekileyo kwisizukulwana Plantagenet, Lancaster, abulale abaxhasi York, oko kukuthi, i-British watshabalalisa British. Esinye isici esasenza eli xesha aba luqhankqalazo umlimi, ezifana Dzhona Bolla kunye Wat Tyler eNgilani.

yokwakha ephakathi

Yintoni ngamaXesha Aphakathi? Esi bokwakha enkulu, edibanisa uhlobo ezine - "Carolingian Renaissance" (igama emva yaka elilawulayo kobukumkani amakhosi), Ottonian Art (egameni ummeli Saxon yaka Otto I), Romanesque kunye nezimbo zwe. Le abenzi bemilingo ngabaya, nesuka eFransi ngowe XII ngenkulungwane, yafika kumaXesha Aphakathi emva kwexesha. Lonke elaseYurophu, saa imizekelo ezimangalisayo izimbo ngobugcisa. A "ngalinye" - ukuba muhle jikelele eYurophu, ikhadi layo ishishini. Cologne Cathedral (1248-1437), yaseNotre-Dame de Paris (1163-1437), iicawa Gothic kunye icawa Prague - ukuze bakwazi ukuthelekisa le ubuhle nanto. Abekho ndisilela ngayo obukhulu le Renaissance.

Umvambo Dark Ages

Yintoni ngamaXesha Aphakathi? Le Indlala Great, isibetho bhe, okanye Black Death, ukuba Kwamacala le yobu bamagazi Jacquerie - uphakamo enkulu antifeudal yamafama French (Zhakov-iilekese) ngo-1358. Noko ke, kwiZigaba Aphakathi kamva, yaye ebizwa kwakhona ixesha Early New, oko kukuthi, yaqalisa ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kuzo zonke iindawo - wakhula isixeko ngokomelela, kuphuhliswa yezandla, ebusaneni ukwenziwa, urhwebo wazuza amandla. Kwakukho utshintsho omkhulu zentlalo, zenkcubeko, ezobunzululwazi kunye nezopolitiko nobomi Europe. Kungenxa ziyancipha kwakuphethe - undoqo of the Ages Aphakathi. Ukutshintsha namabandla eziveliswe ubungakanani olungaziwayo namandla yokuvukela kwezakhi esezantsi labemi - imvukelo Dutch kunye Enkulu neyabalimi War eJamani.

Le ukuqonda yesintu

Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, lo periodization of the Ages Aphakathi, uzimisele kuthathelwa ingqalelo specificities zelizwe ngalinye, kodwa ingqalelo into yokuba uhlobo olunye okanye kwelinye le nkqubo wembali kuqhelekileyo onke amazwe ehlabathi. Ngoko ke, akukho ixesha elithile. ngekhulu XVII - ixesha xa ubudlelwane wobukhosi iya ugugile, kwaye iqala ekuzalweni yongxowankulu.

Kodwa ilishwa weza kwinkulungwane XV - indlala, izifo ezoyikekayo, inkohlakalo Kwamacala, ukudala umfanekiso limfiliba, ngokungathi ayiqabe yi Ieronima Boskha, kwaye zinxulunyaniswa bamaXesha Aphakathi. Ngoko ke, amaninzi phantsi inkcazelo of the Ages Aphakathi, ukuwa ayikho imisebenzi emikhulu uncwadi kunye lwezakhiwo, ezifunyaniswe ezinkulu, kunye nemililo, awayitshisayo ngabaqhekeki, kuquka UGIORDANO Bruno, eyoyikisayo emhlophe imaski nge umlomo elide, nto leyo waya oogqirha ezitratweni ezimdaka yogonya- imizi. Nangona baseYurophu baye okwangoku ndahlamba. Ngoko ke, ixesha elide "aphakathi" nelithi izinto ezifana "ashinyeneyo", "ngasemva", "amanqaku."