Velvet Revolution. ukuvukelwa velvet ku eMpuma Yurophu

Igama elithi "Velvet Revolution" Wabonakala 1980 - 1990. Akunamsebenzi ibonisa uhlobo iziganeko ezichazwe kwi ezentlalo, ibinzana elithi 'revolution ". Eli binzana usoloko qualitative, ezisisiseko utshintsho, olunzulu amanqwanqwa kwezentlalo, lwezoqoqosho kunye nelwezopoliko, akhokelela inguqu kuluntu lonke, ukutshintsha ekumila kuthile kuluntu.

Yintoni na?

"Velvet revolution" - igama eliqhelekileyo iinkqubo ezenzekayo kwi amazwe Central kunye neMpuma Yurophu kwixesha ukususela ekupheleni 1980 ukuya 1990. Kuwa ngo-1989 ye-Berlin Wall iye yaba uhlobo isimboli.

Igama "Revolution Velvet" yale kuphazamiseka yezopolitiko ifunyenwe kuba uninzi States wenza kwegazi (ngaphandle eRomania, apho kwakukho wombhodamo abaxhobileyo kunye nobundlobongela ezingagunyaziswanga c uNicolae Ceauşescu, uzwilakhe kunye nomfazi wakhe). Iziganeko yonke indawo ngaphandle yiYugoslavia, wathabatha kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, phantse washona. Xa uqala kuqala, ukufana kweencwadi zeempendulo zabo ukuqondana ngexesha akumangalisi. Noko ke, makhe sijonge ngoonobangela kunye nohlobo ezi neziphithiphithi thina - yaye siyabona ukuba ezi ngamabona akukho ngengozi. Eli nqaku liza kunika inkcazo elithi "velvet revolution" yaye kuza kukhangela ibe kubangelwa.

Iziganeko kunye neenkqubo ezenzeka apha eMpuma Yurophu kwi 80s ezifike 90 yokuqala, umdla ezopolitiko, oosonzululwazi kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Zintoni izinto ezibangela ukuba revolution? Kwaye yintoni ubuntu babo? Makhe zama ukuphendula le mibuzo. I zokuqala kuthotho lweziganeko zezopolitiko hlobo eYurophu uye waba "velvet revolution" eCzechoslovakia. Kuyo kwaye uqale.

Imicimbi eCzechoslovakia

NgoNovemba 1989, ziye utshintsho oluphawulekayo eCzechoslovakia apho. "Revolution Velvet" eCzechoslovakia kwakhokelela ukubhukuqwa kwegazi ye ulawulo lwamaKomanisi ngenxa uqhankqalazo. Umlawuli angxamele izigqibo ahlelwa umboniso umfundi ngoNovemba 17 kwinkumbulo iJan Opletal, umfundi ovela eCzech Republic, owabulawa ngexesha lolo qhankqalazo ngokuchasene nomsebenzi lwamaNazi karhulumente. Ngenxa iziganeko kwalimala abantu abangaphezu kwama-500 nge-17 Novemba.

November 20, abafundi baya ugwayimbo kunye nemiboniso mass imfazwe kwizixeko ezininzi. Nov. 24 yokurhoxa unobhala yokuqala kunye ezinye iinkokeli namanye le wamaKomanisi kweli lizwe. Novemba 26 baba rally grand embindini Prague, olwaqala amalungu malunga 700 lamawaka. Novemba 29 ipalamente iyarhoxiswa inqaku siseko iinkokheli Communist Party. NgoDisemba 29, 1989 uAleksandr Dubchek wonyuliwe Somlomo wePalamente, kwaye wonyulelwa Vatslava Gavela umongameli yeCzechoslovakia. Izinto ezibangela le "Velvet Revolution" eCzechoslovakia kunye namanye amazwe ziya kuchazwe ngezantsi. Kwakhona ukufunda izimvo leengcali onegunya.

Izinto ezibangela le "velvet revolution"

Yintoni, ke, eqhutywa zizathu ikhefu esisiseko kunye umyalelo yoluntu? Abaphengululi abaninzi (umz, V. K. potter) izizathu zangaphakathi njongo ngenxa 1989 revolution bubonakala umsantsa phakathi kwemikhosi nemveliso kunye nohlobo unxibelelwano namaziko oshishino. kolawulo loozwilakhe okanye ngegqudu-ingenalo novelwano kuba sisithintelo inkqubela kumazwe yenzululwazi, kubugcisa nakuqoqosho, umzimba osezantsi inkqubo uhlanganiso nangaphakathi CMEA. Phantse isiqingatha senkulungwane amava kumazwe yoMzantsi-Mpuma kunye Central Yurophu lubonise ukuba kude emva kumazwe eliphezulu nkulu, kwanabo nabo kanye kwinqanaba elifanayo. Behlupheka iHungary ukuba sothelekiso Austria, kuba GDR - kunye eJamani, Bulgaria - Greece. GDR, okubangele ukuba CMEA, ngokutsho data UN, ngo-1987 i-GP per capita ubekwe 17 kuphela indawo th ehlabathini, kunye eCzechoslovakia - indawo 25, eSoviet Union - 30. Ukuzakhela umsantsa phakathi imigangatho yokuphila, umgangatho wezempilo, ukhuseleko lwentlalo, inkcubeko kunye nemfundo.

Eli nqanaba laqalisa ukufumana umlinganiswa ongekenziwa eMpuma Yurophu. inkqubo yolawulo ne ukuhlela ndawonye ngqongqo kwaye sverhmonopolizmom ukuze ngokuba ongenziwanga umyalelo-zolawulo inkqubo yabola kwimveliso kunye ukubola yayo. Oku kwabonakala ngokukhethekileyo imi--50-80, xa kula mazwe yalibaziseka kwinqanaba entsha ye revolution yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe, babakhupha ukuya eNtshona Yurophu kunye United States kwi, kwinqanaba entsha "iposi-mveliso" yophuhliso. Ngokuthe ngcembe, yi ekupheleni 70s, yaqala isiqhelo inguqu kwehlabathi yali ngabafakwa zasesekondari kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho kwibakala lehlabathi. Kuphela kule ndawo zomkhosi-qhinga ahlala eqinile, yaye oko kubangelwa ikakhulu amandla wamajoni USSR.

factor kazwelonke

Enye into enamandla ngayo waqonda "velvet revolution" ngo-1989, uye waba wesizwe. ikratshi kaZwelonke, njengoko kwaba ulawulo laphulwe kukuba ulawulo ngegqudu-ingenalo embhoxo Soviet. izenzo makhuba yenkokheli waseSoviet kunye nabameli yiSoviet Union kula mazwe, iimpazamo zabo zopolitiko wenza kwicala elinye. Iyafana naleyo waphawula ngowe-1948, emva kokuba uqhekeko ubudlelane phakathi USSR kunye waseYugoslavia (nto leyo ke ngoko "velvet revolution" eYugoslavia), ngethuba leenkqubo zomthetho kwi imodeli eMoscow ngaphambi kwemfazwe, njalo njalo. D. Kwiinkokheli zamaqela ngamandla, nayo, ukwamkela amava engqongqo eSoviet Union, ukuba negalelo kutshintshwe kolawulo basekuhlaleni uhlobo eSoviet. Konke oku eyabangela nemvakalelo ukuba nkqubo enyanzelwe ukusuka ngaphandle. Oku lula yi ungenelelo yenkokheli yiSoviet kwiziganeko ezenzeka e Hungary ngo-1956 no eCzechoslovakia ngowe-1968 (kamva wenza i "velvet revolution 'e Hungary kunye eCzechoslovakia). Ezingqondweni zabantu ukuba esisigxina ingcamango "imfundiso Brezhnev", okt ulongamo elilinganiselweyo. Inkoliso yabantu, ukuthelekisa imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe kunye indawo kubamelwane zayo West waqalisa engathandi ukubopha kunye iingxaki kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho. Lwentengiso iimvakalelo esizwe, ukunganeliseki intlalo nopolitiko siqala ukusebenza yayo kwicala elinye. Ngenxa yale ntlekele kwaqala. Juni 17, 1953 kwabakho ingxaki kwi GDR, ngo-1956 - e Hungary, ngo-1968 - eCzechoslovakia yaye Poland kwenzeka izihlandlo eziliqela kwi '60s,' 70s kunye '80s. Bona, ke, akazange unesisombululo entle. Ezi ngxaki ziye negalelo kuphela discrediting le iindlela ezikhoyo, ukuqokelelela kwishifti ekuthiwa kweyabo leyo ngokuqhelekileyo ezandulela utshintsho kwezopolitiko, ukudalwa uvavanyo elibi amaqela ngamandla.

impembelelo Soviet

Kwangaxeshanye, abonisa isizathu sokuba kolawulo ngegqudu-ingenalo ukuba ndizinzile - awase isebe yamapolisa, ukuba i "uluntu yobusoshiyali", phantsi kwengcinezelo kobunkokheli eSoviet. Nayiphi ukugxekwa ezikhona ezikhoyo, naziphi na iinzame ukwenza uhlengahlengiso kwithiyori abangabaxhasi bakaMarx ngokwembono ukuqonda enobuchule, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ubunyani yangoku, wathi "revisionism", "ngabom yembono" njalo njalo. D. Ukungabikho kwi maqela yokomoya, zifane kweli inkcubeko abaci kwakhokelela dvoyakomysliyu, ezopolitiko passivity yoluntu, lokuthobela, loo mntu ngokuziphatha ezonakalisayo. Nale, Kakade ke, ababa ukwamkela amagunya inkqubela ngokwasengqondweni neyobuchule.

Ubuthathaka amaqela ezopolitiko

Ukwandisa waqala ukuba kuvele imeko ye revolution eMpuma Yurophu. Okwenzeka indlela ngokutsha kwi eSoviet Union, abemi kula mazwe ukuba kubekho uhlengahlengiso efanayo ekhaya. Noko ke, isigqibo ityhileke ubuthathaka umba luluvo, ezizezi ukunqongophala amaqela ezopolitiko oqolileyo nabakwaziyo ukwenza utshintsho olukhulu. Iqela elilawulayo kwixesha elide wobukumkani bakhe olungalawulwayo nangokuvulelekileyo elahlekileyo lokudala, ukukwazi ukulungisa. Ilahleko bemvelo yabo kwezopolitiko, nto nje nokuqhubekeka nabasemagunyeni karhulumente, ukuba ukuchukumisa ngokuya bazibeka kunye nabantu. Zizifundiswa, la maqela akazange abathembe, abantu abaselula baye banikela ingqalelo encinane, ayikwazanga ukufumana ulwimi eqhelekileyo kunye naye. Policy of ukumthemba yoluntu, ingakumbi emva kokuba abasebenzi bolawulo ngokuya ilutshabalalisile urhwaphilizo, ukuzityebisa lobuqu baqalisa ukuba nempumelelo, ukulahlekelwa zokuziphatha. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ingcinezelo nxamnye anezikrokro "meni 'babeqhelisela eBulgaria, Romania, eMpuma Jamani kunye namanye amazwe.

iqela elibonakala linamandla yaye monopolistic elawula, wahlukana izixhobo karhulumente, ngokuthe ngcembe waqalisa uqhawuke. Baqala siphikisane elidlulileyo (inkcaso Communist Party ingqalelo uxanduva ntlekele), umzabalazo phakathi "reformists" yaye "abo babebambelele 'ngaphakathi kwabo - bonke ofe othile kuyo, imisebenzi ezi amaqela, ukuba kancane kwaphela amandla zabo zokulwa. Nakuko kwiimeko ezinjalo, xa wezepolitiki kakhulu, bona noko, wayethembe ukuba ububange ngamandla, kodwa lizama.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba siphephe ezi ziganeko?

Ngaba "velvet revolution" ayinakuphepheka? Omnye Kwakunzima lingafuni. Okokuqala, oku ngenxa yezizathu zangaphakathi, esiye senditshilo. Kwenzeka ntoni e eMpuma Yurophu, kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwimodeli ebekwe zobusoshiyali, ukunqongophala inkululeko zophuhliso.

Ukwakhiwa ngokutsha niqale USSR, kwabonakala, yabangela kuhlaziyo yobusoshiyali. Ke iinkokheli amaninzi lwamazwe eMpuma Yurophu uye wasilela ukuqonda engxamisekileyo imfuneko ngokutsha olukhulu kuluntu lonke, baye bakwazi ukufumana imiyalezo ethunyelwe yi ixesha ngokwayo. Enjena kuphela ukufumana imiyalelo evela izihlwele Party bazibona kule meko, bezibuza.

Kutheni angenele ubunkokeli eSoviet?

Kodwa kutheni ivuso utshintsho olukhawulezileyo eMpuma Yurophu, inkokheli eSoviet akazange ungenelele imeko bagxothwa zangaphambili neenkokheli, izenzo zabo elondoloza kuqinisekise ukunganeliseki labantu?

Okokuqala, akungekhe kubekho intetho xi yombutho kula mazwe emva kokuba iziganeko ka-Aprili 1985, ukurhoxiswa yiSoviet Army ukusuka Afghanistan neengxelo malunga nenkululeko yokuzikhethela. Kwakucacile ukuba inkcaso kunye neenkokheli kumazwe aseMpuma Yurophu. Enye into kwezinye kukuthi, omnye "woyikekayo".

Okwesibini, thethwano olumacala kunye amabini kunye neentlanganiso kwixesha ukususela ngowe-1986 ukuya 1989, inkokheli eSoviet kuye kuchazwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo malunga ububi kungekho kukhula. Kodwa ukuba asabele koku? Uninzi iintloko uthi izenzo zabo akazange abonise umnqweno ukutshintsha, wakhetha ukwenza kuphela utshintsho ubuncinane kuyimfuneko ukuba zingakuchaphazeli indlela jikelele ezikhoyo kula mazwe, inkqubo karhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, kuphela amagama wamkela perestroika kwi-USSR, inkokheli BCP, bezama yi ezahlukeneyo peretryasok kweli lizwe ukugcina urhulumente ekhoyo kwamandla lobuqu. Intloko HRC (M. Jakes) kunye sed (UErich Honecker) emelana utshintsho, efuna ukunciphisa amathemba abo yokuba ngokutsha isityholo eSoviet Union enokungaphumeleli, ifuthe umzekelo eSoviet. Basaba, wayethembe ukuba xa zigcinwe izinga elihle kakhulu wokuphila angenza ngaphandle de iinguqulelo ezinkulu.

Okokuqala ngendlela exineneyo, uze emva koko inxaxheba onke amalungu Politburo le-sed, Oktobha 7, 1989 ukuphendula kwiimpikiswano kusetyenziswa M. S. Gorbachevym ukuba imfuno engxamisekileyo ukuthatha inyathelo ezandleni zabo, intloko German Democratic Republic esasisithi akukho mfuneko ukuba abafundise uhlala xa ubuncwane USSR "nokude netyuwa." Abantu kule ngokuhlwa waya esitratweni, emisela off ngokuwa GDR. UNicolae Ceauşescu e Romania yazingcolisa ligazi, ukwenza ubhejo kwi zocindezelo. Nalapho iinguqulelo ziye ukulondoloza izakhiwo ezindala kwaye kungakhokelela ekubeni nezigxina ezininzi ngexesha elinye, idemokhrasi kunye kwimarike lenene, ukuba negalelo kuphela iinkqubo olungalawulwayo kunye yokubola.

Kuye kwacaca ukuba akukho ungenelelo USSR emkhosini, ngaphandle umnatha yayo ukhuseleko ecaleni kweendlela ezikhoyo wozinzo yonikezelo yajika amancinci. Kuyimfuneko ukuba uthathe ingqalelo imo yengqondo kwabemi, badlale indima enkulu, kuba abantu babefuna utshintsho.

iintlanga Western nabo baba nomdla kwinto yokuba imikhosi inkcaso weza ngamandla. Ezi mabutho zigcinwa kwi umbandela ngaphambi konyulo phulo.

Umphumo waba ehlabathini omnye: ngexa yokosulela qho bekhontrakthi kwamandla (e Poland), lo nokudinwa ye ukuthembeka kwenkqubo iinguqu MSzMP (e Hungary), ugwayimbo kunye ubunzima imiboniso (kumazwe amaninzi), okanye uphakamo ( "velvet revolution" in Romania) amandla ocande ezandleni amaqela amatsha ezopolitiko kunye nemikhosi. Yaba isiphelo sexesha. Ngoko lugqibelele kuloo mazwe, "revolution velvet."

Kakuhle eli uguquko

Kulo mba, Yu. K. Knyazev ubalula iingongoma ezintathu umbono.

• Kuqala. Kumazwe ezine ( "velvet revolution" kwi GDR, eBulgaria, basala Romania) ekupheleni kuka-1989, kuye kwaba revolution abantu bakaThixo ngokwentando yesininzi, Bulelani kuqaliso ikhondo elitsha yezopolitiko. Utshintsho olululo 1989-1990 ePoland, Hungary kunye iYugoslavia yaba ukugqitywa ngokukhawuleza iinkqubo yendaleko. ukuqhela ezifanayo kunye Albania baye baqalisa ukuba kwenzeka ekupheleni kuka-1990.
• Yesibini. "Ukuvukelwa Velvet" eMpuma Yurophu - kuphela kuphazamiseka apical apho weza igunya, namandla ezizezinye, ongazange ube inkqubo ecacileyo ngokutsha zentlalo, ngoko ke oonyana bokufa ukuba litshitshiswe kwaye yokumka phambi kwexesha ukususela kwezopolitiko kweli lizwe.
• Okwesithathu. Le micimbi sibali-revolution, kungekhona revolution, njengoko kwaba anti-yobukomanisi kwindalo, ukuba zibhalelwe ukuze asuse amandla olawulayo Communist Party kunye nabasebenzi kunye akasixhasi ukhetho yali.

Le ulwalathiso jikelele intshukumo

Le ulwalathiso jikelele ye Movement, kunjalo, uniplanar, iyantlukwano echasene neyodwa kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Baye bethetha kubahlangabeza kolawulo loozwilakhe kwaye ngegqudu, ephule inkululeko namalungelo abemi ngokuchasene nokungalungi ezikhoyo eluntwini, lo ukonakala kwabasemagunyeni, amalungelo mthethweni kwaye neendlela zokuphila ephantsi.

Baba ukulahlwa kwenkqubo yolawulo-umyalelo karhulumente lweqela elinye, vvergshey busezingxakini enzulu, onke amazwe kwiMpuma Yurophu kwaye likwazile ukufumana phandle i imeko yangoku indlela yokuphuma. Ngamanye amazwi, le revolution yolawulo lwentando yesininzi, kwaye ingabi babhukuqwa apical. Oku kuboniswa kuphela Rally ezininzi kunye nemiboniso, kodwa ke iziphumo kamva nganye zamazwe lonyulo jikelele.

"Ukuvukelwa Velvet" eMpuma Yurophu kungekhona nje "nxamnye" kodwa "ukuba". Kuba ukusekwa inkululeko yokwenene kunye idemokhrasi, ubulungisa kwezentlalo, ukuba nezigxina ezininzi ngexesha kwezopolitiko, ukuphuculwa komoya eziphathekayo nobomi labemi, ulwamkelo imilinganiselo yabantu, ekuphuhliseni ngokunxulumene nemithetho uluntu oluphucukileyo uqoqosho kakuhle.

Velvet Revolution eYurophu: iziphumo iinguqu

Cee (Central neMpuma Yurophu) aqalile ukuba nokuguquguquka ekuyeni nokudalwa kombuso wentando yesininzi, inkqubo elakhiwe, ukuba nezigxina ezininzi ngexesha kwezopolitiko. Ngaba ukusuka amandla imizimba yolawulo karhulumente ukususela ezandleni izixhobo qela. amagunya karhulumente New osebenza obusebenzayo kunokuba rhoqo kumacandelo. Inika ukulingana phakathi kwamasebe ezahlukeneyo, umgaqo yokuzahlula kwamagunya.

Kumazwe cee lo ekugqibeleni uzinzo kwinkqubo yepalamente. Akukho namnye kubo iseke amandla umongameli womelele, kwakungekho republic kamongameli. Le elite yezopolitiko babevakalelwa kukuba emva kwexesha yamandla enjengale yileyo ezinokucothisa phantsi inkqubela inkqubo yedemokhrasi. V. Havel eCzechoslovakia, L. Walesa ePoland, zh Zhelev eBulgaria wazama ukomeleza amandla lukamongameli, kodwa uluvo loluntu kunye ephalamende abachasa oku. UMongameli akazange ezimiselwe umgaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho kwaye athathe uxanduva ukuphunyezwa kwayo, oko kukuthi, ukuba kungabi esiphezulu.

amandla Absolute lo nepalamente, amandla aphezulu lixakathiswe kuRhulumente. Ukubunjwa ePalamente wokugqibela abavuma esweni imisebenzi yayo kwaye yamkela umthetho mali karhulumente. nokhetho kunye lwepalamente zikhululekile njengokubonisa yedemokhrasi.

Yiyiphi imikhosi eza ngamandla?

Kumazwe phantse yonke cee (ngaphandle Czech Republic), igunya wadlula kakuhle esandleni omnye komnye. E Poland, kwathi ngowe-1993, i "velvet revolution" e Bulgaria kuye kwabangela ukukhutshelwa igunya ngowe-1994, yaye Romania - ngo-1996.

E Poland, Bulgaria kunye iHungary weza imikhosi igunya, ekhohlo-nephiko Romania - ekunene. Kungekudala emva, njengoko kuthwalelwa phandle 'revolution velvet "ePoland, kulonyulo zepalamente ngowe-1993, azuzeke i centrist Union of Ekhohlo Forces, yaye ngowe-1995 Alexander Kwasniewski, nenkokeli yalo, waphumelela yokhetho. NgoJuni 1994, waphumelela isiHungary Socialist Party kunyulo zepalamente, D. Horn, nenkokeli yalo, wakhokela urhulumente omtsha zentlalo-melo. Socialist Bulgarian ekupheleni 1994 wafumana izihlalo 125 out of 240 epalamente ngexesha lokhetho.

NgoNovemba 1996, abasemagunyeni isiRomania wafudukela kwiziko-ekunene. E. Constantinescu waba ngumongameli. Ngowe-1992-1996 e Albania, amandla waba kwi Democratic Party.

Imeko yezopolitiko 1990 emva kwexesha,

Noko ke, le meko itshintshe. Xa ukhetho kwi Sejm of Poland party lasekunene-nephiko iphumelele ngoSeptemba 1997, "iintshukumo onyulo womanyano." EBulgaria, ngo Aprili kunyaka omnye kunyulo zepalamente iphumelele imikhosi kunye ekunene-iphiko. E Slovakia, ngoMeyi 1999, unyulo lokuqala kaMongameli, iphumelele R. Schuster, osisithethi umfelandawonye Democratic. ERomania, emva konyulo ngoDisemba 2000 njengomongameli wabuya Ion Iliescu, inkokeli Socialist Party.

V. Havel na owayengumongameli Czech Republic. Ngowe-1996, ngexesha lonyulo yepalamente, abantu Czech ndayihluthwa V. uKlaus, inkxaso iNkulumbuso yakhe. Yena waphulukana post yakhe ekupheleni kuka-1997.

Ukuyilwa kobume entsha yoluntu, encediswa inkululeko kwezopolitiko, imarike asakhulayo, umsebenzi omkhulu yabemi. Ngokoqobo uba ezininzi kwezopolitiko. Umzekelo, ePoland ngeli xesha kwakukho malunga 300 amaqela ezopolitiko kunye nemibutho eyahlukeneyo - zentlalo wedemokhrasi, silinene, zamaKristu lwentando yesininzi. Evuselela amanye amaqela pre-imfazwe elifana tsaranistskaya iqela ezigqubayo eRomania.

Noko ke, nakuba kwaba nokulawulwa ngokwentando yesininzi, kusekho kubonakaliswa "authoritarianism efihlakeleyo" obubonakaliswa a nkqubo eziphakamileyo nguwe, isimbo karhulumente. Ku kombisa ukwanda kwamanye amazwe (umzekelo: Bulgaria) monarchist abavakalelwa ngayo. Owayesakuba ngummi uKumkani mihai sabuyiswa ekuqaleni 1997.