Ngoobani ngamaGoth (wesizwe) kwakunye ngabantu abanjani?

Eli nqaku liza kuxoxwa kwi Goth, kodwa hayi malunga abameli wandile subculture ulutsha, eyothusayo izimvo zabo yokuhlala abemi, kunye nabo bakhona izizwe lamhlamnenene eliyindawo apho, Siyagqitha, sivela emantla ukuya emazantsi kulo lonke elaseYurophu, osondele enye karhulumente kakhulu ezinamandla aphakathi - umbuso Toledo. NgamaGoth (wesizwe) enyamalala phakathi kweminyaka ezimnyama njengoko ngokupheleleyo kwaye sebevele zilahleka nje, eshiya mbali umda omkhulu uphando kunye neengxoxo.

eminyaka yokuqala eYurophu AD

On the isimo wabonakala abantu ngexesha xa eYurophu ihamba uhlobo kwixesha lotshintsho. impucuko Old yamandulo yinto elidlulileyo, kwaye urhulumente omtsha kunye uhlanga kuphela kwinqanaba esakhula. Xa babeziindleko yakhe enkulu gqolo zazizihambela izihlwele enkulu yabantu, eziqhutywa iimeko ziguqu-guquka ngenxa yobomi.

Yintoni i sizathu siphambili ukuthuthelwa esebenzayo. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, oku kube negalelo kwizinto ezimbini. Eyokuqala kwezi a ingxinano nezolo kwiindawo ezazifudula bantu zibe nozinzo. Kwaye ngaphandle, ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo kwanyanzeleka ukuba kuvela amaxesha ngamaxesha abamelwane enamandla ngakumbi kwaye silwe, ukusuka apho ukuba kususwe ngokukhawuleza, balwa ngaxeshanye kwabo adibana endleleni, awaba nako ukunika a ayikuthandi efanelekileyo.

Impi Scandinavians phezu kwesibhakabhaka of Europe

Malunga nendlela kwi I-II AD ngenkulungwane phakathi kwezinye abemi eYurophu ngamaGoth - izizwe zaseJamani kunqulo lwabo nenkcubeko yahluke kakhulu abemi bayo, umkhumbuzi uxelela kwenkulungwane VI, ogama lakhe kweYordan. Uthi ukuba la madoda kakhulu elineentshebe, isongiwe izikhumba zezilwanyana nalungela na umzuzu ukuba zidade amakrele abo, kwakukho abantu besiqithi obufihlakeleyo museum open-moya, nto leyo iinkcazelo ukuvumela ukuba sifunde kuyo ngokulula laseScandinavia Peninsula.

Ngoko, wathi ngamaGoth - izizwe imvelaphi yaseScandinavia enambuzelayo kulo lonke elaseYurophu kwicala lasemzantsi. Ngowe-258, bafike eCrimea, yaye abanye babo nihlale kulo, ukuba indawo ayohlala kubomi yokuhlala. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo kwinxalenye esempuma losingasiqithi zaza zahlala iintsapho malunga amahlanu amawaka. abaphandi eziliqela wabonisa ukuba kude ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII kwezo ndawo baqhubeka isandi ulwimi Gothic, wanyamalala ngokupheleleyo ngexesha kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi.

Noko ke, kwaba nje isiganeko ekwanti, yaye phakathi kwezinye abasemathanga aseYurophu omnye zithuba abaziintloko awayephantsi ngamaGoth (wesizwe). Imbali yabantu kwelo xesha zizele lungquzulwano engaphezi kunye nabahlali nemimandla, ekumgama indlela yabo. Umkhumbuzi ikhankanywe apha ngentla Jordan uthi ngenxa yoku, ukuba ngokoqobo abazange balale kabini kwindawo enye. Ukususela kwisizukulwana ngesizukulwana bazalwa, wakhula waza wafela endleleni.

Bakhona kwi imida uBukhosi baseRoma

Ukuhamba ngale ndlela, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane IV bafika kwimida uBukhosi baseRoma. Isimanga, kodwa eyona ngexesha umkhosi kwehlabathi Maxa wambi ongenamandla angabhuqwa ekuhlaselweni le savages lusongelweyo iimfele, undintlitha imikhosi umyalelo ocacileyo, ngubani kucola Kuyo yonke imithetho ekhoyo, uze zinyamalale ezinzulwini kwintshinyela yehlathi.

Eloyikekayo neenombolo zabo. Ngomhla emdeni karhulumente abazange iiyunithi ekwanti, yaye amawaka amaninzi abantu kunye neenqwelo, nabafazi, nabantwana kunye nemfuyo. Ukuba ehlotyeni inkqubela yabo evinjwe imiqobo ezimbini zendalo - uMlambo weDanube kunye iRhine, ebusika, xa zambethe ngumkhenkce, indlela kwavuleka bakhona.

Ngeli xesha uBukhosi, eqwengwe ingxaki enkulu ebangelwa urhwaphilizo nobuqhophololo baba elite yayo sigwebo enokumelana ngakumbi ngamaGoth, kodwa jikelele ukugcina promotion bengasaphili esebenzayo. Kulo nyaka 268, ngokunqakraza kwi iDanube ice ngamaGoth - izizwe zamaJamani, zincediswa ngenxa wahambisana kwezinye izizwe ezithile amancinane, ayiphange emdeni kwiphondo Pannonia. Le ndawo, equka inxalenye Hungary namhlanje Serbia, yaba indebe wokuqala ukulungele kwi uBukhosi baseRoma alwayo.

Ke kwabakho gumbi sesibini iintsapho, yena wabuya wazivusa kunye neyokudinga obungunaphakade abo bakhetha yokuhlala. Bahlala amaphondo Moesia kunye Dacia, ngoku zibandakanyiwe imida yaseBulgaria kunye isiRomania. Ngokubanzi, ngamaGoth - rhandzana isizwe emva kwelo xesha, ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini, kuqiniswe ukuze kungekudala uMlawuli waseRoma Valens ingqalelo kuyo ukuze kuzuze bezozakuzo kuqukunjelwa naye isivumelwano of non-ndlongo.

Huns - isibetho kaThixo

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane IV eYurophu a ilishwa eyoyikekayo - ukusuka empuma ukuya imida yayo ahlasela aweza ezingenakubalwa Huns ekhokelwa yi Attila odumileyo. Nokuba yi imilinganiselo ngenkohlakalo kwaye ezikude ukususela nobuntu kwexesha, baya kumangaliswa wonke ferocity yakhe engalawulekiyo kunye nenkohlakalo. Le ngozi ezinxulumene yokuhlaselwa azo ngokulinganayo namaRoma yaye ukulungele. Akumangalisi ukuba nje kuphela ngokuthi "sisibetho kaThixo."

Xeshanye ayehlasela Huns, ngamaGoth - izizwe yamandulo eyenziwe abantu bokuqala mnye, yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini ezizimeleyo, apho zaye zabandakanywa imbali amaVisigoth (Kapa) kunye Ostrogoths (empuma). Kunyaka ophelileyo 375 bagxothiwe yi-Huns kunye ukumkani wabo Ermanaric intlungu kunye nehlazo ukuzibulala. Abo ithuba kusinda, kwanyanzeleka ukuba alwe kwicala iintshaba zakhe zangaphambili. Ibali wesizwe East waseJamani ukulungele ukuba sele kumbovu zigqitywe.

amaRoma Union

Emva kokubona kokufa belizwe zabo, ndasuka ndoyika ukwabelana nakwizibetho zabo, amaVisigoth uncedo abaseRoma ngaphezu emehlweni abo bahle. Bona banikwa ithuba lokuba bahlale ngokukhululekileyo kwimimandla emdeni ubukhosi, phezu komqathango wokuba baya kukhusela imida yayo. Ngenxa yoko, phantsi ngokwemiqathango yesivumelwano, abasemagunyeni wathembisa ukuba akubonelele ngokutya kunye nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko.

Nakuba kunjalo, eneneni yonke into eyahlukileyo. amagosa kakhulu ezikhohlakele Latin wathabatha ithuba lokwenza ubusela olubanzi kunye lobhedu. Appropriating imali eyabelwe ulondolozo beemboniselo Gothic, baqhubeka abavikeli zabo kunye neentsapho zabo indlala, anqunyulwe eziyimfuneko ezisisiseko. NgamaGoth - isizwe, beqhelene ngexesha neyokudinga kuzo zonke iintlobo ubunzima, kodwa kulo mzekelo, kwakukho ukuthotywa isidima sabo, yaye nako ukwamkela.

Imvukelo kunye bamba eRoma

Amagosa aye akuthathwa, ukuba ngeli xesha bakhona izolo, ngokusondeleyo ukunxibelelana kunye Latins, kwafuneka afunde ezininzi ingqiqo impucuko ophezulu. Ngoko ke, ngokwaso, njengoko savages ngubani na sohlwayo ukuqabela sobachinu phantsi owazenza yehagu, uthathwa ukuba anyeliswe. Ukongeza, ngamaGoth - izizwe amandulo, ukusuka kudaladala babeqhele ikrele ukusombulula naziphi na iimbambano. Ngenxa yoko, kwabakho uqhushululu. On urhulumente wayo ingcinezelo wayikhupha imikhosi rhoqo, owathi ngo-Agasti 378 bagxothiwe kweli dabi Adrianople.

Not ume kulo, amaVisigoth wabalekiselwa eRoma, yaye emva kokuba angqingo elide ubeke abemi nganeno ngaseludinini ukufa ngenxa yendlala nezifo, baye balufunda. A iinkcukacha ukwazi: ebhenca isixeko amaxhoba iyonke, bona, nangona kunjalo, ekugqibeleni, musa niyitshise ngomlilo, njengoko kwakusenziwa ngaloo minyaka, yaye akazange enze umonakalo incinane etempileni yakhe. Isibakala sokuba ngamaGoth (kwisizwe) - bakhona Nedlac. Ngeli xesha ke baba ngamaKristu yaye, ngokutsho inkokeli yabo Alaric, ayeze Pope kunye nabo baba ezihlangwini zabapostile.

Isiphumo yamanyathelo eqatha

Ukufakwa eRoma, akunguye ngamaGoth afaneleke igunya kwezopolitiko. Abuya ngoko afuna nje ukuba afumane ubulungisa, ukufumana amagosa ebhatalwa kancinci aphinde, apho kunokwenzeka, ukuphelisa ukwenzeka ngakumbi ubutshinga. eqatha kangaka kwenziwa kwabo kumlo wokulwa norhwaphilizo, zibe nezo ziphumo zinqwenelekayo.

Njengoko yembuyekezo abasemagunyeni elidlulileyo zinikwe ukuze yabo entsha, emhlabeni ngcono kakhulu, olu sapho lwaluquka eGaul. Ukongeza, uMlawuli waseRoma Honorius watshata Gothic ukumkani Atualfa udade yakhe Galla Placidia, ngaloo ndlela nokolula umanyano zopolitiko amaqhina entsapho.

Ukuvela Ulungele Spain

Noko ke, oku yaba sisiqalo iziganeko ezikhokelela indima ekufuneka ukudlala ngamaGoth (wesizwe). Imbali yabantu ezinkulu nje baqala ukuvula ngenene phezulu, wafikelela incopho yawo emva kokuba safaka ekuqaleni, uze, kunye nokuzimisela kwakhe njengesiqhelo, wamthoba kwiphondo elikude laseRoma, ebizwa Spain.

Kuloo minyaka oko yalityalwa yonke imida bukhosi. labantu bayo Wathetha omnye lwimi, ebizwa ngokuba yi-anento yokwenza Latin - ulwimi Romanized eqhelekileyo, ithathe iimpawu lungelelanisa yasekuhlaleni. Amagosa kwiphondo walawula abethunyiwe evela eRoma, kodwa kwimeko abantu ingozi yasemkhosini ukuba uthembele ngamandla abo kuphela - urhulumente, emi elunxwemeni kokuwa, akubanga ukuya kwizifundo zakhe.

Kodwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane V, xa Spain ehlasela abahlali ngexesha elinye ibutho alatyuzayo abonakalisi beprophathi, Alans kunye Suevi, * uKhesare Honorius, nto leyo kakhulu akafuni ukuba kutshabalale oku, rhoqo ukuhlawula indawo irhafu, kucetywa ukuba ukuzisa amaVisigoth ukuze yakhe.

Ngeli xesha, phakathi amaRoma kunye bakhona izolo baseka umanyano engenamandla ngokwaneleyo zomkhosi, ukuba imikhosi jikelele ngokupheleleyo ukutshabalalisa umkhosi Huns ngoJuni 451 kwi-Battle of the amasimi Catalaunian. Ngenxa yoko, Attila kunye nomkhosi wakhe eliGorha kude kube ngonaphakade ahamba yembali yehlabathi, * uKhesare eqatha izandla zakhe ukusombulula ezinye iingxaki ngokucindezela.

Abanikazi entsha Spain

Ngenxa yoko, imbonakalo amaVisigoth eSpeyin yaba sisiphumo kuzaliseka umsebenzi wakhe njengehlakani, kodwa kanye apho, baqala amalungiselelo imicimbi yabo amandla encomekayo kunye nokuzimisela. ngokwenene Lilishwa Honorius waqonda ukuba ngubani ngamaGoth (wesizwe) ngonyaka phambi ukuwa lokugqibela uBukhosi baseRoma xa inkohliso nobuqili wamnyamezela ukuba basayine uxwebhu ngokuwanika ukuzimela ngokupheleleyo kukukhupha Spain ukusuka kokungeniswa kwazo.

Emva koku, abanini omtsha eSpeyin, idaliwe ngokusekelwe kwiphondo endala, abatyhafileyo ndixhomekeke ngokwezopolitiko, urhulumente enamandla self-ezaneleyo Toledo (phantsi igama elifanayo sele waba imbali) wenza uthotho ukoyisa indawo.

Ngexesha elifutshane bahlula mhlaba macala zasePyrenees, Provence, kwakunye kakhulu kwiphondo Tarrakonskuyu, ukususela Barcelona ukuya Cartagena. Ngenxa yoko, ngamaGoth (lesizwe) - bakhona e imvelaphi yabo, bakwazi ukwenza enamandla kakhulu ngexesha imo Western Europe.

Umzabalazo igunya kunye kwegazi yoko

Noko ke, ngokuphathelele kulawulo, Spain, waba phantsi kolawulo amaVisigoth, yaba isici. Kwakungekho ingqukuva, kodwa iziko ezintathu ezinqatyisiweyo isicelo kule ndima - Sevilla, Mérida kunye Tarragona. Kwimeko nganye kwezi zixeko bahlala zizidwangube, owacinga ukuba, yaye akukho namnye umntu unelungelo lokuba ubunganga kuphela.

Kakade ke, iingxaki zazo ukuxazululwa iimfazwe zamakhaya kwegazi. Xa phambili, singatsho ukuba ngumzabalazo Amandla esifanelwe kukufa kwixesha elizayo kule meko. Noko ke, ngaphambili ezimbalini zehlabathi zako isimo esiveza.

iingxaki zomthetho

Ubuqale wanazo amakhulu amathathu, ubukumkani Toledo kwaba njalo imeko yokusongela yezopolitiko ukuphelisa yasebukhosini emzimbeni. Esinye isizathu sokuba oku kungekho umthetho wokulandelelana. Emva kokufa komnye kumkani uyazi yena ukuba abeke phambili endaweni yayo nayiphi na nabalandeli bakhe, ngoxa ngoyaba iindlalifa ngqo oswelekileyo. Kuyaqondakala, le meko iye kwavusa isiphithiphithi rhoqo.

Le umsantsa elisemthethweni zizaliswe kanye Visigoth inkosi Leovigild. Trone, waba kwegazi, watshata umhlolokazi yokumkani wangaphambili. Ukuba umlawuli welizwe, oziphethe izilumko yaqala nesibakala sokuba yabhengezwa umthetho ngawo ngamandla ukhutshelwa unyana wakhe omdala kwaye kungekho ngakumbi emva kokufa kumkani.

Ngelo xesha wenza uthotho uzolile xa intriguers enkundleni. Ukongeza, Leovigild indumasi yinkokheli wamajoni obalaseleyo, esikhulu nobugcisa kwaye umlawuli olusebenzayo. engamashumi amabini kolawulo lwakhe baba "Golden Age" kwimbali kurhulumente, xa ngamaGoth (lesizwe) - abantu, phambi kokuba emi kumgangatho ofanayo kunye namanye abasemathanga semi-igqugqisa, isaziso ngokuthi mthetho lwe-nkqubo yaseYurophu.

Esifubeni of the Catholic Church

Emva kokufa Leovigild kubomi yonqulo uBukumkani isiganeko esibalulekileyo - savela nabo bonke abantu bakhe, ingakumbi ngumlandeli yiArian (enye amahlelo zamaKristu, sisiphambusa eyaziwayo), wafunga isigxina Pope, badlula besiya kubuKatolika. Oku ubukhulu becala bakhonza ukomeleza nkqo kwamandla kunye nokusekwa uluhlu le ecacileyo yeTestamente yokomoya yehlabathi ubomi.

Ngumzali, kodwa ngamaGoth (wesizwe) ndizise sikhumbule ingcamango abemi weIberia Peninsula of Spain ngokubanzi kunye nelizwe ebumbene. ekomelezeni umanyano lwesizwe kunye negalelo imbonakalo yomzimba yabo yomthetho, leyo ukuvuleka yaye ebudeni kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezilandelayo. Yaba sisiseko esisemthethweni onke amaKristu eSpeyin de ngenkulungwane XV.

Ukuwa ithi amaVisigoth

Kodwa ke ubukumkani Toledo - umbuso onamandla, owakhulayo ngaphandle ngokubaleka-phantsi kweli phondo laseRoma, isiphelo wakhululwa kuphela kuhlala kangangeenkulungwane ezintathu. Ndiyila indlela ende kwaye kunzima, oko folokohlo ngephanyazo. Kwathi kwinkulungwane VIII, xa lakhukuliswa angaboyisi angalawuleki Arabhu. Toledtsy ingakhange ikwazi ukuxhathisa, yaye ababhali-mbali kubona oku ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela.

Njengoko omnye wabo kuthiwa ukwala ukulwa abahlaseli elo abemi oye, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo aneliseke amagunya akhoyo. Ukongeza, ukuba ngeli xesha ilizwe bugutyungelwe isibetho, kunye abavikeli abaninzi baba lixhoba layo. Kodwa ukuba abaphandi abaninzi, esona sizathu siphambili yaba mandundu kakhulu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane VIII nomzabalazo etroneni phakathi zezindlu nempembelelo. Naphezu iminyaka emininzi, umthetho wokulandelelana, leyo ngaphambi kokuba kuthinjwe lwe eSpeyin Arabhu kule minyaka mithandathu idlulileyo etroneni yakhe iye yasebukhosini ezintandathu. Le nto ithetha ukuba ngokwayo.

Kukho ubungqina bokuba ukufa yokumkani wokugqibela Wittiza itrone ngumthetho emva yeharim unyana wakhe Agil, inkundla, bemthomalalisile esinye isakhiwo sebali, wanika uTimoti uRodrigo. Indlalifa, ondicaphukise abazimisele ukwamkela boyisiwe, wenza isivumelwano elihlebo Arabhu, ngokutsho leyo, ngenxa ekuncedeni kuye, yena uya kubadlisa ilifa inxalenye enkulu yale lizwe. Le Ukunikelwa elimdaka waza wanceda ngokulula-Arabhu ukumbamba eSpeyin, apho boyisa emva koku phantse emithandathu iminyaka.

Ekuqukumbeleni incoko ngubani ngamaGoth (lesizwe) kwi kwimbali yaseYurophu kwewaka AD yokuqala, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kaninzi gama lisetyenziswa ngokunxulumene nezinye iintlanga akukho mfuneko yakwenza nabo. Ngamanye amaxesha kuyenzeka amagama kwamaqabane. Umzekelo, ukuba ukulungele idla bedidekile kunye Huns, ebekuthethwe ngazo kweli nqaku, yaye oko iintshaba zabo izifungo. Ngamanye amaxesha kukho ngokupheleleyo ezisungulwe fi, ebandakanya, umzekelo, izizwe Slavic ukulungele.

Ngokubanzi, imbali olu hlanga, igama leyo igcwele into enkulukazi kunye Herculean ngaphandle kolawulo olungqingqwa imfihlakalo ukuya ekupheleni unexplored. Ukususela kwamaphepha yemihla yamandulo ukupela indlela amagama isandi - tulga, Wamba, Athanagild. Kodwa lo innuendo nobuxoki ungamandla nosiba etsala kuthi kwakhona kwaye kwakhona ukubona ezinzulwini eyimfihlo iinkulungwane.