Viko Dzhambattista: biography kunye nemisebenzi

Owasungula le isifundo nkqubo yezembali, sobulumko Italian kwesiqingatha sesibini elinesithandathu kunye lokuqala - ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, isihloko eli nqaku. Há Giambattista kwachazwa ukutyhubela imbali njengenkqubo providential kunye nenjongo, apho uhlanga ngalunye ikhula Imijikelo zaphawula ezintathu - zaphezulu (xa urhulumente akakabi nayo, onke amandla zababingeleli), yobuqhawe (xa zikarhulumente ezandleni begazi) kunye oluntu (xa kukho lobukhosi ummeli, riphablik yolawulo lwentando yesininzi).

biography

sobulumko Viko Dzhambattista Neapolitan-nzulu wazalelwa ngoJuni 1668 kusapho olukhulu. UYise bathengisa iincwadi, ngoko ke inkwenkwe yaqaliswa kwinzululwazi ekuqaleni, kanye phambi kokuba bangene esikolweni wamaJesuit. Akumangalisi ukuba inqanaba yoqeqesho apho akazange avume. Viko Dzhambattista kunzima kangaka ukuba ufundisa thina ukuba kanye indlela isikolo lo msebenzi nqanda, kuba kwakufuneka ahambe. Ulwazi wathola ngokukhawuleza, kunye kakhulu kakhulu, ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo yaye unzulu.

Phakathi imisebenzi yayo akukho iilwimi zamandulo kuphela: ukongeza Latin kunye Italian Viko Dzhambattista wafunda uncwadi, umthetho, intanda, imbali, ukhululekile kuhlala element abangabasemisebenzini uCicero, Virgil, Horace, Petrarch, wabe, Boccaccio, kunye nabanye abaninzi. udumo Real kwisixeko lweenkobe lwakhe, wazuza njengoko igqwetha kunye komfundisi, kodwa nangona kule stesnonnost yento imeko yakhe eqhelekileyo. Ngoko ke, le ndoda enkulu ayizange siphephe ukubhala amanqaku isiko, iintetho, imibongo kunye like.

imisebenzi ukuqaphela

Xa wayeneminyaka eli-amathathu há waba uprofesa waseyunivesithi of ubuciko e Naples, iindonga abasebenzi ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, kunye nemisebenzi yakhe nemfundo philological bafumane ukuthandwa ebanzi. Giambattista há wazalwa Mininzi imisebenzi kuphela lwenzululwazi malunga iziseko zolwimi Latin, apho kukho nazo sengqondo yamandulo Italian kwiindlela zale mihla kwisayensi, malunga Antonio Caraffa - "Iincwadi Four", ngokusekelwe injongo amalungelo jikelele ukuba uniform, imithetho kunye ukuqinisela kakhulu ngakumbi ngokucokisekileyo wafunda kwafunyanwa eziqulathwe iincwadi.

Kwaye ngo 1725 kwafika umsebenzi enkulu yobomi bakhe, ukuze kube namhlanje yintloko yesifundo. Viko Dzhambattista wabhala: "isekelwe phezu nenzululwazi entsha yohlobo iintlanga", yaye lo msebenzi wathengisa nangoko kwaye ngokoqobo vzapoy ufunde luluntu ngokubanzi, apho ngomdla omkhulu yaxoxa bulumko umbhali izithembiso. Imbambano yayinkulu kwaye isihloko uthathwa ukuba mlonyeni unanamhla. igama lombhali ezifundwe iimbombo osekuphekeni Europe lwazi, kodwa abaninzi oogxa bakhe abazange ukwabelana inqubo ukuba ziwubambe Giambattista há. Imithombo uphuhliso oluqhubela phambili abantu, ukuba kwezinye iindawo.

sokulwela imibono

Giambattista há ngummeli yesayensi, apho ukunikezela iinkolelo zabo akakwazi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba wazama ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuphembelela izimvo oogxa, ukuze bakholwe ukuba banyanisile. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba walungisa iimpapasho ezimbini ezintsha, apho wazama kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuphuhlisa lula ukuqonda ingcamango imisebenzi mnye zibe polemic kunye bagxeki.

Emva koko, Giambattista há, a ingqiqo leyo engazange kwatshintsha izimvo zabo ngohlobo lweentlanga, wabhala elithi Philaretus, kunye, ukuba nje lwezenzululwazi, ngoko, ngoko, yobukrelekrele, apho bonke ngela bakhe kunye nokufunyaniswa ehlabathini yenzululwazi iyavela. Ngowe-1735 waba wathunywa ukubeka lonke Kingdom Naples mbali yaye ke ngoko, ekugqibeleni, ukunqongophala kwezixhobo, wayeka ukuba uzive. Noko ke, le mfundiso akazange anikezele: iincwadi Latin engathi, wafundisa abafundi ekhaya.

Imiba ephambili

Real Abacebisi Scientist kabani iimbono wayekholelwa ngaphezu kufutshane, baba Tacitus, uPlato, Frensis Bekon kunye Gugo Grotsy. Giambattista há emele yentsimi ulwazi, leyo ukwenza ngaphandle imisebenzi Pico della Mirandola, Marsilio Ficino, uGalileo Bruno Dzhorzhano, kwakunye noNiccolò Machiavelli waba ihlabathi ISAZINZULU zinempembelelo enkulu.

Ukuya kwindawo ethile wonke umsebenzi há babhala isiLatin, waza ke waqonda ukuba akwazi ukwandisa kakhulu amathuba kunye nemida ulwimi lomthonyama, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ukubhala Dzhambattista Viko "Science New" yapapashwa in Italian. Kunoko, kulwenze ngaphandle ayikho kakhulu Italian - kwaye akazange khona njengolwimi enye kwilizwe lonke, yaba mnandi kunye lwesigodi ephucukileyo Neapolitan.

A ifilosofi entsha

Indlela ntetho kunye ncwadi buhlala efanayo - kwaba kuphela lwezenzululwazi, kwaye ngoko ukubhidisa kwaye kumnyama-to-ukuqonda, kwaye xa kungentla wamanga ngakumbi kwaye yonke imimandla ongenantandabuzo Naples ulwimi - hayi zonke Italian wakwazi ukufumana iingcinga ezibe echazwe encwadini mbhali, kwaye uzive kubo.

Le ncwadi yakhiwa usebenzisa indlela axiomatic-kwalo, kwaye ama oluqhelekileyo zejiyometri apho izimvo zakhe ziye zaphuhliswa Giambattista há bawuphikisa ligxeka icala ukujongwa ezendeleyo nje kuphela abantu kodwa nezizwe zonke.

Asizange uyithande kunye neendlela ezenziwe, ngelo xesha namandla kuzo zonke nezoluntu. Yena siyibhentsisile iintsilelo ifilosofi Descartes. rationalism kakhulu kwaye subjectivism kwizimvo lutshaba empiricism sixabana kobekujoliswe ugxekwa, bazenzayo Giambattista há.

yokuhlalisana

nenzululwazi entsha ekhethelwe bulumko yembali, umbhali ezichongiweyo yenkolo, kodwa zihlenga nezehlabathi. Giambattista há wabhala inkqubela esemthethweni ngelo xesha izwakale yezinto.

Umzekelo, ukuba imithetho oluntu, kakade, emiselwe nguThixo (okanye Providence), kodwa izinto zangaphakathi zendalo kaninzi zenzeka indlela zenkqubo yezembali icala ukusuka lenjongo. Olu ke uhlobo njongo yale meko.

imisebenzi yabantu ziyaphunyezwa kunye Determinism zendalo, oko kukuthi, ngokunxulumene nemithetho engqiqo jikelele, kunye nemithetho zembali isikhokelo kunye nokulawula spontaneity lomzabalazo izilangazelelo zabantu.

kwegazi loluntu

Ngumsunguli há wachaza umgaqo ubunye boluntu kunye ngaphantsi abantu bonke ngaphandle kokukhetha, kunye nophuhliso lwentlalo amazwe nemithetho jikelele. Theory of cycle zentlalo, ulinywa Giambattista siyazi ngoku.

Ukuphuhlisa izizwe imijikelo, ngathi ubuntwana ophilileyo, ulutsha kunye ukuqola, nokuphuhlisa ahambe umgca elinyukayo, apho isigaba ngasinye kuphika kowangaphambili, kwaye ukutshintsha namathuba kukho kuphazamiseka zentlalo, obuyiyile ngeendleko weziphithiphithi zentlalo. Unobangela impi, njengesiqhelo, wobudlelwane impahla.

Umjikelo kuphetha nengxaki yoluntu, ukubola yawo, yaye zonke iiseli zomzimba zibethwa eyonakalisayo ekuhlaleni. Emva koko, umjikelo omtsha iqala.

Ezintathu "yenkulungwane"

Há ubonisa iinkqubo intsebenziswano ngokwasentlalweni, njengoko macala ingqibelelo. kwinqanaba ngalinye - i "iminyaka" - inemigaqo yayo kunye nolwimi, amasiko kunye nenkolo, amaziko ezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho. Isiseko ukugwegweleza zabo há wakhetha imbali eRoma. "Age of Koothixo" - nkohlakalo abangekaphuhli nenkululeko bestial ngaphandle imida, ukungabikho naliphi na ilizwe. Amandla koothixo (okanye mandithi - ababingeleli). World lilawulwa Ngobungcwele noloyiko. Ke iintsapho zooyise lenzeka imfazwe kunye nabakhonzi kunye namakhaya, apho kuyimfuneko ukupheliswa karhulumente apho ulawulo wokuqala uya kuba, nelizwe yokugqibela ezilinyiweyo. Kweli nqanaba uqala i "ubudala amaqhawe" xa iintsapho zezindlu zooyise ibonakala ukwazi, nabakhonzi bakhe kunye namakhaya - abantu abaqhelekileyo. Patricians kanye nje. uphawu ahlukile yombuso, izinduna wasebenzisa amandla kunye nobuqhetseba nibambelele ngamandla. Ixesha xa namandla ilungile.

Noko ke, abantu abaqhelekileyo ukulinda ithuba labo liphumelele. "Age of Heroes 'iphela ekuqaleni' ubudala babantu" - iqonga eliphezulu komjikelo. abantu abaqhelekileyo laloyisa kwaye atshabalalise izinduna. Iriphabliki okanye lobukhosi kunye nokulingana yoluntu kunye nezopolitiko character ezahlukeneyo nobuntu, ngokoyisa ngesizathu, isazela kunye nomsebenzi. UMthetho uba enengqondo. Zichume inzululwazi, imisebenzi yobugcisa, ubugcisa, kwisithuba sokuqala ababengekho. Trade kuzisa abantu, uluntu ufumana umanyano, kunye nempumelelo. Kodwa ke inkululeko lwentando luye lukhule ukuya kubungakanani isiphithiphithi, esa entshabalalweni ngayo yonke indlela yoluntu. Kuza ngokuwa kukarhulumente kunye isiqalo esitsha "ubudala woothixo."

ngaphandle

Noko ke, Carthage akazange angena leli cebo historiography. Kwaye hayi yena yedwa. Há bayavuma ukuba kukho iimeko, kwaye ingqiqo, apho uchazwe apha ngasentla, igquma kuphela isininzi ethile. Inkqubela kwezenzululwazi, eziye wasinika kunye há - dialectics kuphononongo kwemiba emininzi oluntu kunye nokwanda historicism. Kuyo yonke le nto, umbhali lagqitha kakhulu nkqu French yiEnlightenment. Ukongeza, oluninzi há kuzisa ukuya ingqalelo iingxaki-bulumko kunye nembali, ifilosofi nomthetho, Ezolimi athelekisekayo, philology, njalo-njalo.

Zixhobo ibalulekile ekuqondeni imbali isifundo lomthetho, wacinga, neentsomi, imibhiyozo esizwe kunye kuqala - ulwimi. Há waphupha kophuhliso kunye nokusekwa umanyano inzululwazi, imfundo ngokubanzi. I kwakulungile. Yolungelelwaniso of Sciences ngoku into ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso zobugcisa. Wazithanda imisebenzi asiphelelwa kaHomer - "Iliad" yaye "Odyssey", bewagqala njengomthombo nembali epheleleyo nezichanekileyo, Noko ke, ukuba libe wonke ukuba ihomere - a wasentsomini. Iingcamango eziye zavela kubo, akaqhotyoshelwanga undilibele, kodwa ixesha elide lotshintsho ixesha yiEnlightenment New wathabatha iinkulungwane ezininzi.