UCicero - kwezepolitiki, neciko lobulumko

UCicero ... izichazi akwanelanga zolwimi Russian ukuze ukuchaza neciko enkulu yamaRoma, laseburhulumenteni, umyalezo akumangalisi.

le mpumelelo

Ngenxa imisebenzi wabhala uCicero, - urhulumente, umgaqo-nkqubo abalawuli kunye nookumkani abaphandi mihla uyakwazi ukuchaza ngokuchanileyo iziganeko ixesha.

Omkhulu umyalezo waseRoma wafundisa intanda kwi nentsingiselo yalo ekhethekileyo, kwaye lazise iqela kweekhonsepthi ezintsha. Umzekelo, inkcazelo - iseti iimpawu achazayo nayiphi na into; inkqubela - behle, ihamba phambili, njalo-njalo.

Ukuqala ngexesha ubuStoyike

Enye abameli ubalaseleyo bulumko yamaStoyike waba uCicero. Wathetha okuninzi malunga yokuba kuphela umthombo ulonwabo akukho nto kodwa ngenxa yabantu. Iimpawu ezintle ukuqonda uCicero wabeka iimpawu ezifana sobuntu ubulumko, isibindi, ubulungisa, ngcathu zonke iinzame.

Ngaloo ndlela, ngeemfundiso zakhe iingcinga kwesilumko yamaRoma ndizama ukuqonda, yintoni na isisombululo sengxaki yokuba ngxabano inzuzo buqu kunye nomsebenzi yokuziphatha. Ukuqonda kulo mba, uCicero weza wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ukufunda bulumko pfunaka.

Culture of Rome yaMandulo: ubuhle, ubuhle obuciko

indawo sobulumko yokuziphatha kunye kwengqondo yakhe yayiquka umanyano indissoluble phakathi bubuciko kunye nesiqulatho yokuziphatha ephakamileyo yokuziphatha ngamnye. Ngokusekelwe ukufumaneka neempawu ze-data, ngokutsho uCicero, yena wayekwazi kakhulu neciko elungileyo.

Xa intliziyo bulumko yamaRoma kubeka isiseko esiluqilima inkcubeko zamandulo zamaGrike. UCicero wathetha ukuqonda oThixo iingcamango yentanda malunga ingqiqo imiba yaso ezixhomekeke bubuciko lokwenene - kufuneka babe zonke Roman self-nokuhlonipha. Ukufunda ubuchule intetho - into efunekayo ukuze uluntu waseRoma.

Kunye ne sobulumko liciko yagxininisa ukubaluleka ubuhle yokuziphatha. 'Akunakwenzeka ukuba kuzuzwe iingcinga nzulu kunye nolwazi lokwenyaniso, ukuba iingcinga zakho singayeki balandele iinjongo ezingabekekileyo ", - watsho uCicero.

nokubhala

Ukongeza weengcamango enzulu uCicero ushiye ilifa osisityebi zoncwadi. Kunzima ukuchaza umthamo izincoko, iintetho kunye neeleta; abaninzi awongwa ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi, ezininzi ezipapashwa kwiinkulungwane nje ezimbalwa. Uninzi imisebenzi abhekiswe ngabantu abathile - abahlobo neciko uTito Pomponius and Marcus Tullius Tiro. Ezingama-ngqangi malunga 57 agcinwe, ubungqina anecdotal lalahleka kakhulu.

A ilifa elikhulu emhlabeni imisebenzi emininzi umxholo bulumko: ethi "On neciko", "isithethi" yaye "Iuni". Apha iintetho uCicero malunga ndlela ifanelekileyo uqeqesho yenze izakhono ubugagu, kwakunye nemibuzo yesithethi acinga ngayo style ngamnye.

Kuyinto ingakumbi imisebenzi kuyaphawuleka yomxholo kwezopolitiko. Yeyona yaziwa namhlanje imisebenzi "Kwi uRhulumente", "Imithetho". Apha uCicero, ogama engobomi kuquka amava ulawulo, othetha isakhiwo karhulumente efanelekileyo. Ideas uye ibekwe ngamnye kumsebenzi wayo, ziye zaphunyezwa nge-siseko baseRoma: udibaniso ngempumelelo imibutho efana iNdlu yeeNgwevu, omela kunye nebandla yesizwe.

Ukuze ubhale emva kusebenza uCicero wasebenzisa ulwimi Latin njengendlela yokuqala efuna izisombululo kwiingxaki zobulumko zamandulo zamaGrike. A ulwazi oluninzi ukuba podcherpnut imbalelwano bulumko ukuba eyayibhekiswa ubuntu ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Bonke wahlala iileta malunga 4 indibano.

Ixabiso bulumko kwixesha elizayo

Ngenxa sobulumko ngexesha wamaRoma wazalwa namanga zakudala Latin buzane wisdoms of ubugagu, kwakunye nzulu bulumko. Ukuba ekuqaleni kule intshukumo uncwadi wanamathela imali encinci ingqalelo, kodwa kwinkulungwane elandelayo kubhekwe wayengumzekelo ichanileyo.

Emva kokufa uCicero xa kuthelekiswa nenani elikhulu izithethi, ekwakukho phakathi le Demosthenes odumileyo - ummeli inkcubeko yamaGrike kunye ubugagu. Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwe-100, olu thelekiso yenye yezona impikiswano umdla.

Ephika Marcus Tullius kakhulu nje kuphela kwiilwimi zesiNtu, kodwa kumaXesha Aphakathi, finicky, kwaye New eliqaqambileyo Times, apho ukuqatshelwa iimbono elidlulileyo njengoko yangoku yaba lwepaki. UCicero wayekholelwa ukuba isibaluli ixabiso lasungulwa zabantu, nto leyo zinganikezelwa kuphela inkcubeko yamaGrike. Yena kuqala wasebenzisa eli gama ukubhekisela humanitas abafundileyo, kakuhle ukufunda abafundileyo umntu xa iyonke, uneempawu ezithile yokuziphatha.