Ngubani na lo mbali: inkcazo

Umbuzo wokuba ngubani na mbali, kubaluleke kakhulu sokuqonda nkcukacha yenzululwazi yezembali, ngenxa yokuba umntu onjalo ngummeli wayo ophambili. Le peculiarity umsebenzi wakhe zenzululwazi kukuba yena, ungumntu nje, ukufunda izinto zabantu kunye nobudlelwane ngokubanzi. Kulo mzekelo, kunzima zezenzululwazi ukuba ingakhethi cala, ingakumbi ekufundeni ubomi yokomoya yoluntu.

ukuba nombono

Ekuqaleni, umbuzo wokuba ngubani na mbali, waqonda ngengqiqo kwe kwembaliso. Eneneni, ebudeni ukuzalwa historiography ngenzululwazi, aba bantu abazange ukufunda okungaka, kodwa inkcazelo iziganeko ezidlulileyo. Noko ke, badla kunye ngemisebenzi yabo Imigqaliselo kunye nezimvo, njengoko kubonakala ezinye iziqalelo uhlalutyo zenzululwazi. Sele kumaxesha amandulo baqalisa ukuba siphume okwenziwa kuphando abe uphuhliso ngokupheleleyo kumaXesha Aphakathi kunye mihla. Xa ixesha kwenkcazelo ngubani na mbali, kufuneka zijongwe kwinkalo eyahlukileyo. Xa ixesha elikhankanywe ababhali yokuqala swi imfundiso zesikolo, ngoko abanakukwazi kubizwa ngokuba zizazinzulu ngengqiqo emitsha yelizwi. Kodwa iinkulungwane 16-17, oko wazalwa inzululwazi yehlabathi, yaye imbali iye yaba uqeqesho olukhethekileyo. Ngoko zatshintsha kanye ngokwenkcazelo yembali a mbali. Ngoku, eli gama libhekisela umsebenzi yenzululwazi.

iimpawu

Ukuze ukuqonda binzana kufuneka kwenzelwe ukuba umsebenzi zophando oluthile mbali. Sele ekhankanywe ukuba into leyo engundoqo uhlalutyo zabo iziphumo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu kuzo zonke iintlobo. Kulo mzekelo, i element ayinyani kubaluleke kakhulu: ngokuba rhoqo kakhulu xa kuhlolwa iziphumo ze-nzulu yokugqibela iingxaki zakhe umbono wakhe. Kulo mba, ubukhulu becala kusekelwa kumkhanya lobuqu usekela-mbali yayo nokuqiqa. Ingcaciso yegama ngoko kufuneka athathe ingqalelo ifitsha ethile yalo umsebenzi wobungcali sisazinzulu.

iindlela

Isiseko lophando zembali amaxwebhu elidlulileyo, eziqulathe ulwazi ezixabisekileyo, kwakunye nezinto zakudala, nabanako ngokutsha amakhaya imodeli, izinto zasekhaya njalo zombini. D. Ngoko ke, lo nzulu usebenzisa iintlobo zobuchule kunye neendlela zophando, hayi zobuntu kuphela, kodwa zendalo kunye neeSayensi zeMathematika. Ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba bakuthathele ingqalelo nkcukacha kule yezenzululwazi ngokukhankanywa ngubani le mbali. Ingcaciso kolu luvo kufuneka sibandakanye igatya ukuba sisazinzulu esifunda ngaphambili, kaninzi asebenzise iindlela kuphela Sciences ezinxulumene.

izifundo

Inxaxheba ekudalweni nasekusungulweni ingqeqesho historiographical ekuqaleni ugqaliselo wababhali kwakukho iziganeko zezopolitiko. Njengoko umthetho, abaqulunqi ze imisebenzi yokuqala zembali echazwe imfazwe, ukulungiswa abalawuli balo kunye namazwe yayo angabamelwane, ngokudlulisela nezinye iinkalo ezibalulekileyo ebomini bomntu. Ngaphezu koko, abanye babo wachaza ubuntu wookumkani, abalawuli, iinjengele (njengoko, umzekelo, i-compiler edume iibhayografi of Plutarch).

Kodwa emva kwexesha elithile, ababhali baye baqonda imfuno isifundo ezinye izihloko: uqoqosho, inkqubo loluntu, ubomi yokomoya yoluntu. Izazinzulu ziye iindlela ezizodwa uphando, yaye imbali inkcazelo iziganeko ezidlulileyo iye yaguquka yaba inzululwazi. Noko ke, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba izazinzulu aye aqaphela ukubaluleka uqeqesho lwabo. Saqala ukuvela ngodaba nezikhethekileyo imbali.

mbali iinkcazelo baye zahlukahlukene kakhulu, kodwa elamkeleke jikelele ngembono ngayo umkhenkethi French M. Block.

historiography yasekhaya

Kwilizwe lethu, kwakunye United of Western Yurophu, inzululwazi zembali oluvela imisebenzi, leyo wachaza iziganeko ukusuka komnye unyaka ukuya komnye (yeziKronike historiography amazwe zibizwa, inzululwazi yethu - Kronike). Kule misebenzi kusenokwenzeka sele uqaphele ziingqaleko ke oko kamva yaziwa ngokuba uhlalutyo lobunzululwazi. Ababhali abaninzi ungazibekeli kuphela kuphuma iziganeko, kodwa wazama ukucacisa, ukuba oyena nobangela, iziphumo kunye ukuqingqa ixabiso. Njengoko imbali zenzululwazi eRashiya yavela ngenkulungwane ye-18. Lokuqala Umbhali-Scientist iqwalasela VN Tatishchev. Yena waqala ukusebenzisa iindlela zophando lwezenzululwazi, kodwa bakhetha uhlobo umlando ntetho. Kutheni incwadi yakhe ngakumbi kakhulu ngolwimi kwaye akukho lula ukuqonda umfundi ngokubanzi.

Sesona sisombululo ngokwenene historiography sentsimbi Russian isebenza NM Karamzin, owabhala umsebenzi yesayensi ulwimi lwakhe eqondakala lula zoncwadi. Ixabiso lika "Imbali kaRhulumente Russian 'yakhe ukuba yavusa ngaphambili lwelizwe lethu eluntwini.

Development of kwingqeqesho yezembali Russia

Inqanaba entsha historiography kwilizwe lethu linxulunyaniswa igama SM Solovyov, abaqala ukufunda iziganeko zangaphambili yi hayi ubuntu nezenzo neenkokeli ezithile, ezifana ezihlangwini zakhe, kwaye njengenkqubo injongo yendalo. imfundiso yakhe karhulumente kunye nophuhliso loluntu kwakubaluleke kakhulu kwinzululwazi, njengoko ibekiwe iimfuno ezintsha ukuze ube mbali njengobuchule.

Kwiincwadi zakhe kukho isizukulwana esitsha babaphandi, uyiqonda kakuhle umsebenzi wayo njengoko ekuchongeni imithetho yendalo ngaphambili.

Abalandeli edume kakhulu izimvo zakhe zaba IVOTI Klyuchevskii, kodwa, nakuba kunjalo, livelise indlela yalo yophando. Ngoko ke, umbhali-mbali, inkcazelo leyo yatyhilwa kancinane kolu phononongo - yenye yemisebenzi zibalulekileyo kuluntu.