Chernososhnye nabalimi - abantu ngabanye free

Imbali lizwe lethu; kuba loo nto, nawuphi na omnye, yinkqubo yophuhliso lwentlalo-qoqosho nopolitiko kunye izakhi lomzabalazo phakathi kwiiklasi, ezinye zazo kwindawo ilungelo, kunye nezinye - kwicala elahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. ngokuphathelele enjalo kunye nabalimi ngayo chernososhnye possessory neRashiya, kwandule uBukhosi Russian.

bokuqonda Russian yenkqubo yezembali

Ukuze babone lo mbuzo umlimi, kubalulekile ukuqonda njani inkqubo feudalism kunye capital kwilizwe lethu. Ngokungafaniyo eYurophu, iziganeko ezibalulekileyo eRashiya wathabatha kwindawo ethile ulibaziseko. Kwakukho izizathu ezininzi njongo, le ebalulekileyo, ke ngoko, yaba ayehlasela nangezinto. Ukuba uthelekisa iinkqubo ezifanayo feudalization Russia naseYurophu doordynskogo xesha, kunokuthiwa malunga nobungakanani enkulu yokufana kwawo. Kodwa enye indlela abavumelani ngokupheleleyo: ukuba West serfdom wayeza kufa ngenkulungwane weshumi-elinesine, ukuba iRussia kuya ekuqaleni kuphela ukuqinisa. Oku obonakala ngakumbi ekuyeni ekupheleni kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine. Emva kokuba inkululeko ngcembe ukususela uxhomekeko iinkosi mkhosi kwakhula umnqweno nizibophe abalimi kwiifama zabo. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zilandelayo, le nkqubo iya ixhaphaka into kuphela.

Imvelaphi umahluko

Ukungalingani iye yavela kwi imeko yamandulo, xa uthenge kwakukho, ryadovichi. Oku abantu bada ezamahala, kodwa wayexhomekeke ngokwezoqoqosho. Izityebi amanene baseRashiya amandulo bafuna ukulenza libe baxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kwenzeka ukuba ahlukile empumelelo. Nakuba kunjalo, ukuba kukho uhlobo okhethekileyo phantse disenfranchised zabantu-amakhoboka. Kodwa ukubiza le nkqubo ekukhotyokisweni gama akunakwenzeka - oku kuphela imvelaphi yakhe, leyo sele sitshilo mfiliba i Mongol lokuhlasela. Nangona kunjalo, ukusekwa kolawulo feudal lodidi yamahlwempu zange bayeka ngokupheleleyo, wehlisa nje. Kwi-XIV XII ukusuka abalimi apho ekunene Usuku St. George, nto leyo ukuba ukuba utshintshe umnini kanye ngonyaka, ukuba ahlawule kuye imbuyekezo (abantu abadala). The State kunye Grand Duke, waza ke ukumkani zange ube likheswa kule nkqubo. Kwelinye icala, ukuba ukukhusela umdla izinduna, yaye kwelinye - ukwandisa nemfuyo yabo ilizwe. Abalimi abahlala apho, uhlale khona, yaye oko nabalimi chernososhnye.

Semthethweni Sasungulwa ukuxhomekeka

Ezi neenkosi zinakho ebasingasingile iyasuswa enkulu, njengoko kuchazwe amandla ngokuphindaphindiweyo. amandla Ephakamileyo ingqalelo inkxaso yalo maleko engundoqo ungunyana wabanumzana enkulu, aphakathi kunye nezincinane, ngoko kwanyanzeleka ukuba Babengabalelani ukunganeliseki ebantwini. amafama Chernososhnye akholisa ukuba umsebenzi ophantsi kwaye athe afakelwa irhafu kunye nemisebenzi encinane kwicala zikarhulumente kuphela, ngoko ke kucacile ukuba umnqweno ngasese amafama ukutshintsha isimo sabo. Ngokusemthethweni Unelungelo lokudlulisa nabalimi Sudebnik yasekwa ngo-1497. Uphuhliso elandelayo, ingakumbi ukwandisa Boyar wabanumzana, inkcaso, kwakhokelela ukuvela inqaku elitsha Sudebnik 1550 malunga nokunyuka abadala. Nangona ngokubanzi Usuku St. George kaThixo igcinwe, kodwa intlawulo sokunikezela yande kakhulu, nto leyo iintsapho kwifama ezininzi imali ngokugqithiseleyo. Ngenxa yoko, abasemagunyeni ukuwaphatha ukufumana isisombululo ukuvumelana, enika imizi bondage, kodwa hayi ngoyaba ngokupheleleyo iimfuno abalimi.

"Thabatha, ugogo, noSuku eSt George kaThixo!"

Uluntu lwasemaphandleni ye-European North kunye eSiberia - zigcinwe ekupheleni abalimi elinesithandathu nasekuqaleni chernososhnye ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe. Inkcazo lo gama ingashwankathelwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo: nabalimi abaxhomekeke kurhulumente, kodwa ngokwenyani ezamahala, abahlala domain yomphathi. elinye igama lawo - abalimi karhulumente. Eli xesha elo lizwe ngundoqo ngayo kulo lonke ilizwe. It wanyuselwa yi Politika Ivana IV. War Livonian, bamlandela ke oprichnina kwakhokelela onokuzixela senkangala yamalungu esembindini akumazantsi inxalenye yaseYurophu kweli lizwe. Ngoko ke, ngo-1581 kwakukho ummiselo "On iminyaka eziKhuselweyo", nto leyo kwakuthetha umlomo yexeshana ukutshintshwa abalimi nabanye abanini. Nangona abasemagunyeni baye bacela ukuba ibe ngumlinganiselo wexeshana, ke, ngoko ke inguqu ka abalimi babengasekho.

Ixesha of serfdom

Umgaqo-Further aggravates kuphela, ngo-1597 wakhupha umthetho "Kwi minyaka eli xesha", eziquka ekulihloleni abalimi ungobalekayo abuyele ukuba umnini kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu, nalo eli xesha wakhula kuphela ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngowe-1649 kwagqitywa Conciliar I-Code, isethi entsha kwemithetho karhulumente, ezithe wavalwa ngempumelelo ukutshintsha umnini kunye nexesha ekulihloleni abalimi eyadala baba elingenammiselo. Lo mhla ithathwa ukuba episode lokugqibela yokuseka ukulawula abalimi yeenkosi feudal eRashiya serfdom lusekiwe, kodwa hayi bonke abalimi aba nabanini babucala. Inani labemi kweeyunithi zasemaphandleni, loo nto yeza ngexesha yeKhowudi kweli lizwe, ephethwe yi-intsapho yasebukhosini, zange ngamakhoboka, ngoxa free - yiloo ngubani abalimi chernososhnye. Kodwa igama ngokwayo ifumana igama layo ukusuka irhafu - ikhuba emnyama.