Amaxesha kwimbali zejoloji koMhlaba ngokulandelelanayo. Origin of yokuphila

Geochronology - ukwahlulwa yoxhomekeko yonke imbali uMhlaba ixesha elide, obubonakala ngokuba umqondiso othile. Amaxesha kwimbali zejoloji koMhlaba ngokulandelelanayo zokuphelisa kwi-First International Congress of komhlaba. Cwangcisa xesha lahlulahlulwe kusetyenziswa komhlaba, ngendawo kunye nenzululwazi ezinxulumene.

units ngqi

Kukho esikalini ezimbini, amisele ixesha ubukho iplanethi yethu. Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba: stratigraphic ukufunda izilayi iidipozithi entsalela kunye geochronological, kuthathelwa ingqalelo utshintsho ehlabathini eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Ngamathuba elide wejoloji izinto zazivelela koMhlaba ezinye amagama: eons, namathuba, amaxesha, ngenkulungwane, amaxesha. Kukho kwakhona ezincinane ngamathuba ixesha, kubhekiselelwe kuwo ngemisebenzi lwenzululwazi, kodwa ukuqonda jikelele ngembali Umhlaba ke, musa ukudlala indima.

Ezinzima ezinkulu

amaxesha Stratigraphically wejoloji imbali yedeskthopi Umhlaba ngokulandelelanayo, yahlulwe yaba kwiindawo zokubeka ezintathu ezinkulu, apho zizazinzulu eonothem:

• Archean;
• Proterozoic;
• Phanerozoic.

ukwahlukana onjalo esibekiweyo ukungalingani. Ixesha lokuqala yobomi bakhe kwaqhubeka iminyaka engaphezu kwama-2 ubudala, ngoxa olwesibini kuthatha malunga 512 yezigidi kwiminyaka. era yokwakheka komhlaba kunye ngembali yobomi emhlabeni kuhlangene. utshintsho ngcembe kwipesenteji ubuninzi ioksijini, amanzi, nokuzinziswa womoya kunye lobushushu kunokubangela bezibaxa izinto zazivelela. Bukela le buhlobo kunokuba ngumzekelo inkcazo emfutshane maxesha ezintathu eziphambili ebomini komhlaba.

Archean

Archean kunye nexesha Proterozoic - ngu 4/5 imbali yonke iplanethi yethu. Nexesha Archean iqala imbali Yomhlaba. Isikali ixesha yokwakheka ihambisa ekuqaleni kwethuba Archean kwiminyaka eziibhiliyoni ezi-4 eyadlulayo. era Archean - omdala, elide ngexesha - ithatha malunga 12 million iminyaka. Yaba ngeli xesha, iplanethi yethu ayaphola, ekusekeni engundoqo otyhidiweyo, namawa ukubona yokuqala bayazibhijabhija, ezifana diorite negranite. Khondo bamaxesha amandulo, izazinzulu ziye safumanisa elunxwemeni eGreenland ikhaka. Embindini kwexesha Archean, njengezwekazi yokuqala, izazinzulu ogama Valbaru.

Ngelo xesha zivela eziphilayo zokuqala eziphilayo on Earth. Kungenzeka, baba iintsholongwane anaerobic extinct. Ukuvela wobomi sihlobene ngqo inkqubo yefotosinthesis, leyo ngoko nangoko esahlula zonke izinto eziphilayo kwizityalo nezilwanyana. Imvelaphi photosynthesis kwenzeka ngo lona lisiza blue-eluhlaza kunye icyanobacteria, ebinezinto isakhiwo lwangaphakathi abangekaphuhli kangangokuba ngumongo agcina kuyo.

Proterozoic

Ixesha lokuqala kwimbali Proterozoic iphawulwa ukuhla elibukhali kwi kwinqanaba oksijini emoyeni. Mhlawumbi kwakunjalo ngexesha elithile ntlekele unexplored emhlabeni, kodwa nkqu tshintsho kwaba yintlekele ezincane anaerobic - ukuba ioksijini lwalusanda kwaba obulalayo. Ngoko ke, izinto zokuqala eziphilayo on Earth safa, eyenza kube lula ukuba ezinye iintlobo zobomi, ezijolise zokusela O _2.

Xa umoya amanqanaba yehlise carbon dioxide kunye kwandisa umthamo wamanzi - ezikhandelwa Oceans yokuqala, leyo, Kakade ke, yaba ngaphantsi kakhulu namhlanje. Kwaye ke amazwekazi bahlanganisane ukuze lizwekazi omtsha, othe wabiza ekhaya - esi siganeko kwenzeka kwiminyaka 1.15 billion eyadlulayo. Ekupheleni kwale xesha kuza ubudala ice yokuqala, ezinxulumene ne ukubana zezibonda Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye zingatshintsha nexesha elongezelelweyo kwisithuba ukujikeleza umhlaba. Ngelo xesha, izazinzulu ziye kubangelwa ezifunyaniswe abokuqala Amanxiwa izinto eziphilayo yokuqala - linxulunyaniswa kukuvela amathambo ezintweni eziphilayo.

Phanerozoic

Ikufutshane kuthi umlando zejoloji koMhlaba ngokulandelelanayo, baziwa ngokuba Phanerozoic. Uphawu ecaca zeli xesha - imvelaphi yobomi ngengqiqo yanamhlanje yeli gama. Ixesha Phanerozoic kwiminyaka million 542 eyadlulayo yaye iqhubeka unanamhla. Ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza oksijini yaba esitsholo wokwenene izityalo ezitsha emangalisayo kunye nezilwanyana. Iinzululwazi zizibiza le nkqubo kuqhuma Cambrian. I Phanerozoic wabonakala iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo mihla kunye nezilwanyana fumene umnqonqo waza wenza iklasi entsha izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Eli candelo inika uluvo jikelele yendlela zizazinzulu umlando zejoloji komhlaba. Ngokulandelana kwazo, kulula kakhulu ukuba ukukhumbula - oonobumba zokuqala Archean, Proterozoic kunye Era Phanerozoic bacwangciswe ngokwe-alfabhethi.