UMikhail Botvinnik: engobomi, impumelelo, iifoto

UMikhail Botvinnik (1911 - 1995) - owayethozamile, kodwa ungumntu olukhuni, uzimisele kakhulu, waba uhlobo umlinganiswa indoda efuna undikho lowo egqibelele ngaphezulu ebomini. isikolo chess Russian, leyo wadala - uloyiso yakhe ephambili. Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela indlela umntu ubhetyebhetye yaba uMikhail Botvinnik. ngobomi bakhe ayiphelelanga wechess.

ebuntwaneni

Ukuba kwaSirayeli 1964, Botvinnik wathi into enjengale malunga neminyaka bakhe ebuntwaneni. Utata wam ekuqaleni ukusuka kwidolophana ekufutshane Minsk kunye owayenefama. Waye amandla emzimbeni indoda nemeryany. Free ukuba ingaxuthi i yenkomo ngeempondo wawagalela phezu komhlaba. Botvinnik Mihail Moiseevich yena wacinga ukuba yonke ilifa uyise - nohlobo kunye emzimbeni abe. Uyise waya eSt Petersburg kufunda uchwepheshe wamazinyo. Apho wadibana Serafima Samoilovna Rabinovich, dantistkoy. Agana ngenxa yokuba abazange ngobungcali nje kufutshane, kodwa ngokomoya - bobabini bathatha inxaxheba 1905 Revolution. uyise ezintanjeni le intshatsheli elizayo yayintle. Kungekudala usapho oselula, ethe wazalelwa unyana wokuqala kaIsake, ndafudukela kwindlu enkulu solar semikomnatnuyu kwi Nevsky. Intsapho yaba umpheki, umphathi, ngumkhonzazana. Kwaye ngoko ke kunyaka-17, xa kwakufuneka ukuzimela iindwendwe engalindelekanga. Uyise konyaka-20 washiya intsapho waphinda watshata. Xa umtshato ke wayeneentombi ezimbini kunye nomama wakhe bakhulisa abantwana bakhe ngokwakhe. Kodwa utata sabasiza ngokwezimali.

Nolwazi chess

Umntakwabo Buddy kaThixo, owayehlala iyadi eselumelwaneni, kwiminyaka 12 aboniswe Misha, indlela ukudlala chess. Ngeli xesha, uMikhail Botvinnik, kakade esikolweni kwaye ukufunda zonke iincwadi classical: Lermontov, Gogol, Turgenev. Yena wayemthanda i "War Noxolo" kunye Pushkin. Kamva, waba siqhelane imisebenzi Zoshchenko wabathanda. Kamva ndifumene umbhali abo bakholwayo kuye, hayi kuphela wechess, kodwa indoda abaninzi baya ukuphumelela ebomini. Kodwa ke ngo-1933. Ke kaloku, akubon Misha malunga wechess bafunda ngokuzimeleyo. Awayibhala eziphathwayo iqela Lasker kwaye kwanikwa inkcazo kubo. Nazi ezinye ekhethiweyo yemidlalo uMikhail Botvinnik - chess.

zengqondo lwabazali

Me waya chess club. Kodwa xa zibaliswa ngayo kuyise, ngoko uthando unyana ukuze bebanika elibi kakhulu. Nje wacinga ukuba ibe ngumdlalo wethamsanqa ezifana namakhadi. Kwaye unina akazange akholiswe ukuzenza nonyana. Xa isimemo weza unyana wakhe evela Stockholm, ukuba bangene idalwa waza wabaleka waya esikolweni ebabuza ukuba ukuvumela elivisayo aphesheya ngo-1926. Kodwa esikolweni ukuya amaxhala ayo ukuphathwa isigqebelo kunye Misha yakhululwa eSweden. Owasixolelanisa naye umama kunye notata ukuze wechess kuphela into enye: ukuba akukho wobugcisa, nangezinto ozithandayo. Kwaye musa ukudlala uMikhail Botvinnik abakwazanga. Kunye nomqeqeshi akazange. Ukuze wenze yonke into ngokwakhe. Ndafunda iincwadi kwi itshesi, zihlalutywe. De kube sekupheleni kobomi bakhe wayekholelwa ukuba yonke loo mdlali kufuneka enze: hlalutya, kwakhona ukuhlalutya. Kubalulekile, kunye nolwazi mihla akukho nzima ukufumana.

Study, emsebenzini kunye wechess

UMikhail Botvinnik kusasa, xa utata engekho iminyaka eli-16 ubudala, waphumelela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, ize bat libetha kwitumente yesizwe. Iziphumo ezibalaseleyo: winile ezisithoba, asixhenxe amtsale kunye ukoyiswa ezine. Nguye lo nxaxheba omncinane. Kwaye emva konyaka nje, yena zingafaka izicelo kwaye ukubhalisa Polytechnic Institute. Chess ezimbalwa buba. Kodwa ukufunda eli ziko, yaye kamva iziqu, uMikayeli ebandakanyekileyo lemidlalo kwezemidlalo. Ngowe-1933 kukhuphiswano lwesizwe, ukuqokelela yonke amandla akhe, afumane uloyiso. Kulo nyaka emdlalweni nxamnye S. Flohr draw obekekileyo. Ke yonke West wayekholelwa ukuba intshatsheli yeCzechoslovakia. Kuba lo loyiso Botvinnik wawongwa imoto kunye isihloko inkosi ozukileyo USSR.

umshado

Ngowe-'34 yaba umhlobo abahlobo bam kunye nommelwane phezu kwetafile. Yaba ubuhle abaselula ubuhle webhaleyi ezimnyama-iinwele. Walandela ikhaya lakhe imvula. Emva konyaka, lo mtshato kwenzeka. umtshato Happy lweminyaka mahlanu anababini. Gayane Davidovna olumkileyo, ukuba akwazi ukuya phambili itumente umyeni, usoloko kucetyiswa ukuba uhlawule naziphi na ingqalelo kuloo nto. Uye wacebisa umyeni wakhe ukuba anyamekele luvo. Kwaye bephawula umzekelo Galina Ulanova, oweza kumboniso iiyure ezimbini phambi kokuqala yaye akazange athethe, ilungiselela.

uloyiso ngamazwe

Ngowe-1936 lo mdlalo eNgilani wazisa abadlali abaphambili kunye ehlabathini - Euwe, Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine. Botvinnik Capablanka yaye yahlulwa indawo-1 no-2. Ngowe-1938, iqela Botvinnik - Capablanca waphumelela ibhaso "Kuba ubuhle," yaye apho uMikhail Moiseevich beat Alekhine.

Waphumelela indawo yesi-3. Ezi uloyiso amandla umdlali chess ukukholelwa ngokwabo. Kukhuphiswano ihlabathi Michael ivumile ukuba ukutshatisa ngokwazo kunye Alekhine, kodwa waqalisa imfazwe. Yonke iminyaka imfazwe GM Wasebenza wenjineli zombane Perm kwaye zonke kukhuphiswano USSR ibisoloko uhamba phambili. Ukudibana ne Alekhine uJuni 1946, kodwa ntshatsheli uye wafa ngesiquphe. Ngowe-1948, ngoko nangoko wakhokela kwiNdebe yeHlabathi ndaphulukana nawo imidlalo ezimbini kuphela uMikhail Botvinnik. Eyona ntshatsheli yaba kokokuqala indoda eSoviet. Ukususela ngo-1948, waphumelela isihloko of World Champion, Botvinnik iye Uyekile ukwenza, kwaye ikhefu lweminyaka emithathu. Waye kakhulu abandakanyeke kwinzululwazi. Ngowe-1951 waba PhD Electrical Engineering. Oku nako, kodwa kuchaphazela umgangatho umdlalo wakhe kulo nyaka.

Championships zehlabathi

• Ngowe-1951 lo mdlalo kunye Davidom Bronshteynom yaba draw, kodwa isihloko wahlala kunye Mihailom Moiseevichem.

• Ngowe-1954 nayo midlalo V. Smyslov waba draw.
• Ngowe-1957, yena wayengekho phambi Vasiliya Vasilevicha Smyslova, kodwa ngowe-1958 uloyiso rematch waya Botvinnik.
• Ngowe-1960, wayeka ukuya Mihailu Talyu, kodwa ngowe-1961 - kanye kwakhona uloyiso, kwaye ikholisa kakhulu.
• Kwaba kuphela ngo-1963, kwaba ngaphambi Tigran Petrosyan.

Oko kukuthi iminyaka engama-15 iye yaba ntshatsheli ekuzibonakaliseni. UMikhail Botvinnik waza wahlabela mgama ukuwina kwezinye ukhuphiswano ngamazwe.

Championships Relationship

Okokuqala, bevela kuyo yonke ubudlelwane babe Bronshtein ziye zapheliswa ngenxa yokuba baziphatha okubi. Kwiholo phambi kweqonga kwi bhokisi wahlala abalandeli bakhe, yaye ukuba uthe waphumelela nenkomo, ngoko nangoko weva ihlombe. Bronstein, ukwenza intshukumo, ngokukhawuleza wabaleka emva kweqonga, uze ubuye. It melteshenie ukuphazanyiswa Botvinnik. Ukongeza, Bronstein, umsebenzi iKGB, waba ngokuchasene Alekhine umdlalo - Botvinnik. Wabakhuthaza ukuba umdlali chess ukuvakalisa umntu Alekhine ngubani uyasebenzisana amaNazi, nokuba ukuphucwa hayi ukulwa, isihloko ntshatsheli.

T. Petrosian kwakhona ziziphatha, xa makayixhome ngokuzolileyo, ezingachanekanga. Ngexesha elinye imidlalo yena emangalisayo andwebileyo: wala ukuba asayine kwindawo engamampunge kwimithetho yomdlalo, ngoko wavuma, koko kwakhona wala. wayethetha Lo into enye kuphela - wayefuna ekutsaleni luvo Botvinnik. Ke kaloku waqala umdlalo, fans Petrosian phambi kokuba bangene zelanga waqalisa uhambo off emhlabeni, savela Armenia. Indlela abasabela Botvinnik? Indlela ukuhlazeka. Uye wacebisa ukuba, ukuba phambi kokuba wagalela ilizwe engcwele eYerusalem, wayeza lubonisa ukuba "izinto zidalwe" Ndotshayela nje emgangathweni.

iimpawu ezikhethekileyo

Iqinile unyamezelo, ukukwazi ukubeka sinenjongo ngaphandle kwesiphazamiso, ukulandela kuye. Isimo kwimidlalo wayedla ukulwa. Ngaphezu koku GM wayesebenza kuqeqesho emzimbeni. Enyanisweni, kule nokulwa tumente olunamandla aphele amandla amaninzi. Umdlali chess wakholwa ukuba ngexesha letonamenti phezu ubunzima, loo nto ithetha ukuba akukho echazwe kulo mdlalo. Kwaye ukuze ugcine ngcono anayo imidlalo ezibalulekileyo, wayesoloko backed up ngokwakho itshokolethi.

Kubomi bemihla ngemihla

Intsapho yayihlala eziqhelekileyo enamagumbi amabini yokuhlala. Kwakugcwele abantu abahlanu, kuquka nanny ukuba intombi yam. Itheyibhile endlwini kwakukho omnye. It umntwana ukwenza umsebenzi wasekhaya, kwaye uMikhail Moiseevich wabeka ngaphandle chess. Yaye ngowe-1951, ngexesha lomdlalo kunye Bronstein ebusuku, ukuze aphazamise ekhaya, ndahlala ke ndicinga phezu iqela kwigumbi lokuhlambela, wema phezu kwibhodi kunye nengobozi yezicoci.

Njengoko ingcali enkulu kwimizobo (PhD, unjingalwazi), waba zonke wasekhaya yamadoda phezu. izandla, umzekelo, zokulungisa imibhobho. Kanye kweli lizwe, zonke zimdaka, wenza into kwi kakuhle. Ndagqitha ngummelwane, umncedisi Brezhnev, ebona ledada elibi zimdaka, encokola: "Kwaye ke eze kum." Le ukungaqondani kwalungiswa xa badibana.

House kwisiza, ngo-1949, ngokutsho izibalo zalo kunye nemizobo kwakhona izandla zakhe uMikhail Moiseevich wakha ngokwam.

Khaya nabalulamileyo ngokupheleleyo. Wayebathanda ukutya okulungileyo, kodwa kufuneka yaneliseka buckwheat kuphela.

Kwilebhu yezenzululwazi

Elabhoratri, akazange abe itafile. Kwakungekho ngengozi. UMikhail Moiseevich wacinga ukuba kwisihlalo dampens kwaye eyeka ukucinga. Yena ngehlombe imashumi mathathu ingqalelo ekwakheni inkqubo chess "Pioneer". Kwaye yena uye waloyisa eCanada kwelinye efanayo.

Le Isazinzulu waphendula kunye nentlekele Chernobyl. Wayekholelwa ukuba izityalo amandla enyukliya yakhiwe kuphela apho abantu bahlala Far North, umzekelo. Kodwa "phezulu" impendulo kule nesiphakamiso cwaka ngokupheleleyo.

Ukudalwa yesikolo chess eSoviet

UMikhail Botvinnik wadala indlela entsha ulungiselela ukhuphiswano, waba le nemiba yeengcingane wechess. lokuqala uyilo yakhe yokuqala, xa Black udlala ukuthabatha inyathelo lokuqala. look inkosi entsha grand wajonga eziliqela iimveliso ezithile. UMikhail Botvinnik kwakhona iye yahlalutya le ngcamango kunye ukusebenza endgame.

UMikhail Moiseevich wadlalela ubomi iqela kwaye ngo-1202 bathatha inxaxheba 59 lemidlalo. Ababini abafundi bakhe baba neentshatsheli hlabathi - Anatoly Karpov kunye UGarry Kasparov.

Iinkcukacha malunga iqhawe eli nqaku zifumaneka kule ncwadi, eyabhalwa ngu Linder - "uMikhail Botvinnik: ubomi umdlalo», umfundi, ukuba ivula, ufunda kuphela malunga ngobomi bakhe kunye ezemidlalo, kodwa uya kuba nako ukujonga kunye wesizwe imidlalo chess.