Nabalimi State eRussia

nabalimi State - oku udidi ekhethekileyo zavela eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-18. It wajoyina iindidi ezintathu yabemi simahla lali. Kuqala ke abalimi chernososhnye. Kokuba ezinzile kwi "kumazwe abamnyama ukumkani." Udidi lwesibini yaba nabalimi "kwezoqoqosho". Aba bantu belimiwe intsimi weemonki. Udidi lwesithathu lo freeholders. Babegqalwa inzala yokukhonza abantu abaninzi ngenkulungwane ye-16 kumda osemazantsi Muscovite eRashiya, apho ilifa amanene kwi utshintshwano uPetros azilogwanga kulo. Xa inani amaphondo (e Voronezh, Kursk, Orel, Tambov) freeholders yayakha uninzi lwabantu balapho.

nabalimi State njengeklasi ekuqaleni kobukumkani Nicholas accounted for abantu malunga elinesixhenxe million. Ukususela kwimihla Moscow Russia kule klasi wahlala inkululeko kuphela, kodwa urhulumente. nabalimi State ukohlwaya ngokubetha, iye phantsi.

Ngokutsho kwabanye ababhali-mbali, le Iklasi ikakhulu ngaphandle Omkhulu. Noko ke, oku akuyonyaniso. Nkqu kwinxalenye eyintloko yelizwe behlelo abantu ukuba abalimi karhulumente kunokuba kwimimandla yasentshona. Ngelo xesha wokupapashwa iMithetho 1830, kwaba engundoqo okanye lonke ubunzima labemi kumaphondo amathathu anesithandathu inxalenye yaseYurophu karhulumente kunye eSiberia. Yaba iklasi kakhulu emininzi kuluntu Russian ngelo xesha.

nabalimi State banelungelo a ukudluliswa simahla ukusuka kumarhamente omnye komnye, ukusuka kwelinye iphondo ukuya komnye, ukususela kwisiphaluka ukuya County. Kulo mzekelo, kwenye indawo ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye idla kukhuthazwa ngurhulumente. nabalimi State abebekuluhlu (njengoko yonke imiphakathi, kwakunye ngokwahlukileyo) ukungena kwizivumelwano kunye nezivumelwano kunye nabantu. Kwakhona ukufumana impahla (enokususwa okanye engenakususwa), ukuba ayinike besibini. Emva kokuba ncwadi ngo-1801, ngoDisemba 12, umthetho okhethekileyo, uRhulumente uya kuxhotyiswa abalimi (njengoko noohlohlesakhe abangaphuhlanga kunye yomrhwebi) ukufunyanwa lobunini mhlaba babucala.

Nangona kubanumzana yaba ngamakhoboka emkhosini uze afakwa inkululeko ngokugqithisileyo, kwasekwa "kwilifa yesithathu". agcwaliswa Yakhe abameli karhulumente yabalimi belizwe, kunye mveliso kunye nabarhwebi. Iklasi kakhulu ezininzi urhulumente nabo banelungelo lokuzibandakanya kwinqanaba lorhwebo, umbutho, iifektri ezivulekileyo, unokwakhela kunye ezithuba mveliso, amashishini zorhwebo kwaye uwagcine.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngexesha Ukuvuma etroneni uNicholas, abalimi karhulumente ekwintlekele. Olawula eli udidi sebe lwabantu kwe-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMali. Simele sicinge ukuba lo mzimba wayezama 'ukutyhudisa ngaphandle "abalimi karhulumente kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ezama ukufumana ukuba ezo irhafu nako ukuthatha kude benani. Ulawulo sendawo uye lutshintshelwe uluntu lwasemaphandleni imisebenzi zendalo, kwaye bumandundu khona. Ndimele ndithi ukuba lwanceda kuphela abanini, kodwa ubukhulu elithile lula ubomi serfdom. Nangona kunjalo ulawulo amanene ngokufuthi wafihla Abanini mhlaba ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, ababefuna ukuzuza ngenxa kumazwe eqhelekileyo. Ukuhlala maxongo imeko yezoqoqosho imo zaba balimi. Kulo mzekelo, urhulumente eyabelwe urhulumente ubeka imali ebonakalayo ukuze igcinwe kwiminyaka ezinqinileyo.

Ukususela ekuqaleni kobukumkani uNicholas isikhundla imeko abalimi waqala ukuchaza umthetho jikelele yoluntu kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente. Esi sisiphumo umsebenzi omkhulu Speransky ukuze kufezekiswe imithetho yelizwe. Noko ke, imiyalelo ezininzi ifomu kawonke kuqala wabonakala.