Bill of Rights

Imbali uyazi kakhulu amaxwebhu, ukusayinwa kweencwadi nokwadala ukuba izizwe. Kubalulekile phakathi ezi nje amatyala embalwa, zisayinwe eNgilane eUnited States, nto leyo eza kuxoxwa.

Bill e England

Bill of Rights 1689 - isenzo siseko, owamkelwa ngurhulumente British kwaye ngokwesiseko eyayiphembelela indlela uphuhliso kobukhosi yepalamente kweli lizwe. Waba ibinzana esemthethweni ngenise Revolution, nto leyo ikhokelele etroneni wahliswa uYakobi II Stuart, yaye zathathelwa indawo yi-kwenkosi entsha - Vilgelm Iii Oransky. Ukwenzela ukuphepha zaseSoweto ngokuchasene norhulumente omtsha, ukumkani wavuma ukusayinwa i-Declaration of Rights, esenzeka Februwari 13, 1689. Ngalo eli xwebhu, lo mlawuli wavuma yeenkosi kunye Commons, yaye kamva ineziseko zayo yasekwa le Bill of Rights.

Bill sichaphazele isithsaba kunye nabantu?

ezintsha ezinkulu okhankanywe amaxwebhu anxulumene umlinganiselo amagunya kumkani, yaye ngoku kwafuneka ukuba bangenise kwizenzo ePalamente. Ukumkani umnakekeli ithuba ukutshitshisa imithetho yePalamente ngokuphathelele izohlwayo gxotha neminye imithetho ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ukumkani uye engasekho igunya iphezulu kummandla yowiso, ukongeza, amagunya ayo kwicandelo lobulungisa wenza kakuhle ngakumbi. Siye bakwaziswa izithintelo eziqatha intsebenziswano phakathi isithsaba kunye nebandla. Ekubeni bangene amandla oyilwayo yaba lasebukhosini akakwazi ukuba arhafise irhafu kwiimfuno zabantu kunye nokugcinwa umkhosi loxolo, kunye neenkundla zavalwa nemicimbi zecawa. Imali efunekayo ukuze ulondolozo kwinkundla yakomkhulu kunye nomkhosi, bema ngaphandle nje ixesha elifutshane, ngenxa apho kumkani Kwanyanzeleka lonke ixesha ukuba ezinye izicelo zegranti.

Yiyiphi enye into eye yatshintsha ibhili?

Ukongeza, enkosi ezintsha iPalamente wafumana amagunya. Ke kaloku ukumkani kunyanzelekile ukuba kuhlelwe intlanganiso hayi ngaphantsi kwe kanye iintlobo ezintathu, kunye namalungu ePalamente kwamkela, nangona ezinemiqathango, kodwa inkululeko yokuthetha. Iinguqu zenziwa kunye nomthetho lonyulo. UMqulu wamaLungelo Akuvumelekanga ukubandakanyeka labaviwa sinyanisekile etroneni. Ukongeza, uxwebhu wayevakalisa ithuba ezikhalazo yokufayilisha, kwakunye inkululeko mpikiswano yepalamente. Lo mthetho mtsha kwakhona uchaza imigaqo yomelo ePalamente, ebalwayo ngokomlinganiselo ukuba ahlawule irhafu. Nangona ngenene ilungelo lokuvota lungenziwa kuphela ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba ezinkulu basebukhosini.

Bill kunye leenkundla

amacandelwana ekhethekileyo uxwebhu kwi amalungelo enxulumene amagunya leenkundla. Kwagqitywa ukuba iinkundla abakwazi ukusebenzisa akananto eziphakamileyo kakhulu, izohlwayo okanye isohlwayo ngenkohlakalo. Akuzange elide uqheliselo esemthethweni labagwebi yokhetho ngumntu, nenokuthi isetyenziswe ukuphembelela isigqibo senkundla.

Noko ke, kwekhono izilingo labagwebi liye landa, kuye kwabonakala ukuba kulungile ukuqwalasela nakuphi na ukwaphulwa amatyala ingqalelo umbuso. Noko ke, akuvumelekanga, kwaye kohluthwa impahla yakhe Ngisho de intlawulo qela labagwebi. Ngoko ke, lo mthetho uyilwayo wawenzelwe ukuba ayeke unya egwebayo.

UMqulu wamaLungelo akazange athi, Noko ke, urhulumente ngqo wepalamente, yaye ukumkani kwafuneka ilungelo lokuzikhethela nokugxotha abalungiseleli, nabagwebi, kwakunye nokukwazi babedibana ucombulule ipalamente. Noko ke, olu xwebhu eyona kwaphawula ukusungulwa urhulumente ezihlaziyiweyo e-England neNgonyama siseko.

UMqulu wamaLungelo, Ngo1791

Loo isihloko ezi zilungiso eyi-10 ukuya kwi US siseko, yamkelwa ka1789, apho wangena ukusebenza Ngo1791. Yaba uxwebhu enkulu kakhulu amalungelo abantu abaqhelekileyo. Ngenxa kuye, wavakalisa inkululeko yokuthetha, yokuhlangana, cinezela, ingqibelelo yabantu, inkululeko yenkolo, kunye nezinye postulates ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Olu xwebhu yaba zaguquka ibalulekileyo kwimbali ngurhulumente omtsha, elibonelela lobuqu amalungelo ezopolitiko kunye nenkululeko yabantu US. Bill of Rights wakwazi ukuphelisa amandla ngokupheleleyo kwesi kumkani kunye norhulumente, ezibe eqhelekileyo kakhulu ebudeni bamaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni eYurophu kwaye ngeliya xesha localu of absolutism.

uxwebhu yangasemva

Amalungiselelo ezingundoqo oyilwayo emitsha zisekelwe kolu xwebhu njengoko kuMagna Carta, ungene kwi-UK ngowe-1215, ngenxa enqamla ngokubonakalayo amathuba wokumkani. Ingongoma ibalulekileyo xwebhu - isidima umntu - kuqala sesikweni kwelinye iphepha yaseBritani - Habeas Corpus Act, esatyikitywa ngomhla wama-27 Meyi 1679.

War of Independence

Emva kokuba Revolution of 1688 zaye ngokusesikweni kunye namanye amalungelo nenkululeko. Xa War of Independence, kukho inani uxwebhu efanayo esayinwe eUnited States. bonke bephela ngandlel 'ithile wachaza into yokuba waba ngaphambili. Hi xikombiso, le Virginia Bill of Rights. Noko ke, ebudeni bemfazwe amalungelo isiqinisekiso zange ubonelela iqela geqe.

intsebenziswano Federal

UMqulu wamaLungelo waseUnited States ezithile kuneengxaki. Ngoko ke, nangona yokuba abasemagunyeni federal ngoku unamandla womelele, abemi belizwe azizange ikhuselwe nalwazelelelo kwabo. Ngoko ke, Dzheyms Medison ecetywayo kwenziwe izilungiso kumgaqo-siseko ezinye izilungiso. Bill wangena force umthetho kuphela xa Virginia, i-11 owayesakuba ngaphandle kwe-14 ezazikho ngelo xesha wamkela urhulumente ngokupheleleyo yaye wangayamkeli endaweni yayo. Ekuqaleni, waza waphathwa kuphela nje umthetho elikhusela labahlali izenzo ngokungekho abasemagunyeni federal. Ngoko ke, i Amendment 14, ozinzisiweyo ngo-1866, equalized abamhlophe nabamnyama, nto leyo ngaphambili zinyhasha amalungelo. Kamva, ngowe-1873, wagqiba ukurhoxisa, ecinga ukuba akwamkelekanga, kodwa ngo-1925 yangena kwakhona ukusebenza kuba wakhutshwa umyalelo ethintela lithi ukwenza imithetho ezithintela okanye nangayiphi na indlela kuphazamisana namalungelo kunye inkululeko abemi US.

kokulungiswa

Amanqaku ibalulekileyo oyilwayo ithathwa ukuba isihlomelo 1, leyo Yazisa inkululeko yamaphepha-ndaba, intetho kunye nebandla. It is at ilungelo phezulu eUnited States kunye nemibutho ezahlukeneyo yabemi. Ngokutsho ulungiso-2, wavuma ukuba uthi abe umkhosi wamajoni, kwaye abantu banelungelo lokugcina nihle iingalo ukhuseleko lwabo. impikiswano phakathi ayaphela luyaqhubeka, ngokuba kwintengiso mahala ababechasene bafuna ukurhoxisa ngayo. Isilungiso Okwesithathu, othintela amajoni abahlala kumakhaya zabucala kwixesha loxolo, namhlanje awungeni ngakumbi. UMqulu wamaLungelo, ingakumbi iZilungiso 4, iqinisekisa inviolability kwempahla kunye umntu, oko kukuthi okunqanda uphendlo zii-arhente zonyanzeliso lomthetho ngaphandle kwesigunyaziso esifanelekileyo. Ngokutsho kumhlathi 5 loxwebhu wazisa kwetyala ngu ukugweba ngobulungisa, kunye mntu unokunyanzeliswa ukuba abe lingqina nxamnye naye. izilungiso ezintathu emva ezinxulumene ngqo kwiinkqubo. Igatya 9 ikhankanya ukuba awukwazi awususe amalungelo abantu, leyo sele ixhamla, kwaye umhla we-10, naye, uthi ukuba amalungelo karhulumente, ezingaphunyezwanga zidluliselwe kurhulumente federal, ziya kuhlala benaso.

International Bill of Human Rights

Olu uthotho amaxwebhu, wokuhlangana leyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba amalungelo nenkululeko bonke abantu emhlabeni. Imithetho eziqulathwe kula maxwebhu kukuba umgaqo esisiseko ye-UN nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe ezinxulumene namalungelo oluntu. Zonke States eziye zisayiniwe International Bill of Rights, kwenziwe ukuqinisekisa abemi babo inani wamalungelo kunye neenkululeko zoluntu kufuneka ukuba banikwe onke ngokulinganayo ngaphandle kocalu-calulo.

isiphelo

Onke amaxwebhu akhankanywe apha ngentla, ngendlela enye okanye ngenye nempembelelo imeko yangoku amalungelo oluntu. Lo Mthetho osaYilwayo yokuqala, badlula eNgilani, enyanisweni laba sisiqalo lobukhosi yepalamente, elathi ukunciphisa amandla kumkani, yaye eneneni inyathelo lokuqala endleleni eya lwentando yesininzi. mbuso Ngaphezulu lo mbono yaba oyilwayo American, nto leyo sele waqinisekisa abantu nje amalungelo alinganayo eluntwini, kodwa angavumeli nawuphi na ucalucalulo, kodwa okwangoku abe ingongoma sokugqibela umendo kwi yoluntu olukhululekileyo. Eluchochoyini lwentando yesininzi, Kakade ke, yaba uthotho amaxwebhu esamkelwa kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ayesekelwe bonke ezadalwayo ngaphambili, kodwa kwakukho, ngoko ukuthetha, lucaciswa kule langoku, nto leyo yanceda ukuba ukunika wonke umntu ehlabathini amalungelo alinganayo kunye nenkululeko.