France uKumkani uFrancis 1

1 Francis Valois walawula imeko yakhe engama-32 ubude. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, ngenxa yothando lwakhe wobugcisa, beza France ngexesha Renaissance. Ngelo xesha lokusukela inkqubo yayo zasekhaya kuye komelezwa kakhulu iimpawu absolutist kwamandla yasebukhosini. Lo mlawuli enokuphikiswa yaye indlela yakhe ibhodi eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

ebuntwaneni

Francis wazalwa ngo September 12, 1494. Unyana uCharles Angouleme uLouise of savoy, waza wachitha bonke ebuntwaneni bakhe enqabeni zamanyange, ibekwe kwidolophu encinane Cognac, kufuphi Bordeaux. Ikamva ukumkani France wafumana imfundo efanayo kunye noqeqesho, ngathi inzala odume yelo xesha wayesazi okuncinane imbali kunye nokwakheka kwaso, kodwa wayezazi kakuhle kwiintsomi, ngobuchule Ukubiyelwa ikhwele ihashe.

Xa wayeneminyaka elishumi, angàtshati kunye nanjengomtshakazi kunyaka-7 ubudala, intombi ka-Louis kunye yindlalifa ukuya Duchy of UBrittany, kunye kwiminyaka emi-2 emva kwesi siganeko, wayishiya iqhaga lwabazali ku Paris. Ngowe-1514, wangena emtshatweni esebenzayo. Claude - umfazi wokuqala Francis 1 - wamzalela abantwana abasixhenxe, omnye lowo kamva wayeza kuba nguKumkani uHenry II. umtshato yesibini iya kugqitywa emva kokufa umfazi wakhe wokuqala, kunye nodade wayo K. Habsburg, Eleanor.

1515: France

Francis 1 njengoko ukumkani omtsha wenyuka itrone ngoJanuwari 1, 1515. Ukuza emandleni ixhomekeke kakhulu yelo kwakhe usapho Valois, kodwa elikhulu yaye, umntu usenokuthi, lo yayibaluleke, kodwa waba amandla nabamashishini umama wakhe ezilibhongo - Louise of savoy.

Emva kokufa ngesiquphe uKumkani uCharles XIII ithemba lokuba oku kuza kuthabatha itrone engenanto ye Francis, njengoko ukumkani emva kwexesha engenabantwana. Noko ke, isithsaba ocande ezandleni iNkosana Orleans, eyaziwa phantsi igama Louis XII, ngelo xesha Kwakhona akukho bantwana. Unyana ka uLouise ka savoy, kulo mzekelo, kwaba ukufumana iwonga Dauphin, t. E. I Crown Prince. Kwaye oku kube yimfuneko ukuba ilifa duchy ka Orleans, oko ngokuthembekileyo yomelezwe ngenxa uFrancis Akwaba le meko.

Ndimele ndithi Louis XII ngelo xesha nje kwiminyaka engama-36, yaye ukuba indlalifa, yena umtshato nomfazi wakhe wokuqala, abo bangakwazanga nabantwana. Emva koko, ngoko nangoko watshata ekukruqulayo Bretonskoy, ngubani wakwazi ukumnika iintombi ezimbini kuphela. Ngaloo ndlela, yaye lo kumkani washiywa ngaphandle yindlalifa. Ngenxa yoko, le Olwa siphambili etroneni yobukumkani waba Francis 1, onina waqala ukulungiselela kwangaphambili ngenxa yalo mnqophiso. Hi ndlela leyi, ngoko ke yena lowo phantse kumcebisi oyintloko kwimiba yezopolitiko yakhe.

Faka amazwe Italian

Kwadlula nje unyaka emva kokuba ukulawula yokumkani omtsha ukuya etroneni, yakhe silwe baqalisa ivele ngokupheleleyo. Francis wahlanganisa impi yakhe, bahamba ukuya eItali, ngokoyisa entabeni. iintsuku ezintlanu yathatha sicatshulwa rough ngokusebenzisa Alps, amajoni akhe kwafuneka anyamezele ezandleni umpu ngokoqobo.

Babesihla entabeni, imikhosi French nangoko bambamba Piedmont, uze emva koko Genoa. Ndimele nditsho ukuthi ukuya ku-1 Francis mntu iye yakwazi ukoyisa Alps ngale ndlela. Ngoko ke, ngokuba abavela kwaba singumbono omangalisayo, xa ngequbuliso kwabakho umkhosi isisiFrentshi phambi emasangweni Milan. i abavikeli zasuka zazehlela yengcinezelo abahlaseli, yaye kungekudala wawa eMilan. "Uxolo Obungunaphakade" yaqukunjelwa ekupheleni kuka-1516. Ngokutsho xwebhu, uMlawuli Maximilian, kunye Pope Leo X waqonda bolawulo Francis, emva koko wafumana isihloko umlawuli Duchy of Milan.

ekuthinjweni

Le meko kunye kuthinjwe kumazwe Italian Francis 1 akazange ungathanda umdlali lakhe laphakade, uCharles V of Habsburg, owaba ngo-1519 ngumlawuli oyiNgcwele bonke uBukhosi baseRoma. Unazo ezinye izicwangciso kwezi nkalo. Ngoku uCharles V kunye nomkhosi wakhe wawela Alps kufutshane eMilan. imikhosi ezimbini iqela 30000th badibana edabini kufuphi Pavia. Apha French boyiswa. babebalekele yokutyiwa Francis 1, nokumkani ngokwakhe yathinjwa kwaye entolongweni nenqaba enqabeni Madrid.

Yaba unyaka wonke phambi kokuba yathengwa kuye, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ndiyeke, lo mlawuli Habsburg kwanyanzeleka ukuba basayine uxwebhu ye-French, apho wabona onke amalungelo uCharles V kwi oyisa ngaphambili amazwe azo kumantla eItali. Noko ke, kanye ekhaya, Francis uthe basayina isivumelwano phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu. Ngoko, kungekudala wenza esinye ukuzama kwakhona intsimi utshaba ekhethiweyo, kodwa, njengoko nisazi, kwaba nto. Ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1530, waza ke wakha ubuhlobo utshaba lwakhe yangaphambili Habsburg, ukutshata udade wabo Eleanor, njengoko ngeli xesha wafa umfazi wakhe wokuqala Claude ukuba. Emva koko, ke yadamba phantsi waza waqalisa ukuba siphile ngokuzithandela kwakhe, ekukhuseleni abantu art.

nkqubo yasekhaya

Ixabiso elikhulu yokugcina ngamagosa ezininzi nenze imfazwe banyanzelisa ukumkani French phinda isixa irhafu kunye iiholide kwezinye iinguqulelo wayeza kamva kubizwa iimpawu uphawu kwi "umyalelo omdala". Apha esinayo engqondweni esele yathandwa umkhuba ngokuthengisa izikhundla, ngokunjalo ukuvela ingcamango 'ityala karhulumente ", oko kukuthi kubonakala iirenti kamasipala. Ngeli xesha indize landisa indima amagosa zemali, kwaye emva koko wamlandela, kunye nokomelezwa abasemagunyeni wokulawula imisebenzi yabo, nto leyo rhoqo umnwe kubo lo zocindezelo.

Korol Frantsisk 1 rhoqo waphum inkqubo yokomeleza iingqekembe zayo, leyo ukunciphisa ukuthunyelwa amatye anqabileyo, ukubukelwa yi zombini urhwebo ngaphakathi kunye nangaphandle. Ukongeza, ukuba kwiphulo aselwandle phantsi umyalelo Jacques Cartier kuthwalelwa xa uphuma, nto leyo 1534 eyazala kwafunyanwa eKhanada.

Xa Francis 1 ezithatyathwe umthetho ende, olwaqhubeka kwaze ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX, esatyikitywa Villers-Cotterets ngo-1539, owaba nako ukufezekisa nasekumanyeni inkqubo yenkundla. YoMlawuli ngandlela ngokuyinqaba isoloko inakho ukuba inyanzelise eyedwa yakhe, lo gama ekoyiseni ngempumelelo iindidi ukuxhathisa, ezifana kwimvukelo yabantu baloo dolophu e Lyon (1529) kunye iLa Rochelle (1542), kwakunye nezinye inkcaso evela inkcaso yasepalamente kunye neeyunivesithi. Ukuze ukweyisela abo awuvumelani nesigqibo sakhe, Francis bafumana iindlela zikarhulumente kwaye ingenalo novelwano, yaye iindlela ezopolitiko, kuquka iintetho, izisongelo, umnyinyiva, ngexesha zingafanelekanga izijekulo bemiqondiso kunye umlawuli yonxibelelwano zobuqu.

umxhasi ubugcisa

Francis 1 Waba ngukumkani wokugqibela ekuthiwa abahambahambayo. inkundla lakhe wababala abantu kabini abaninzi kunokuba kwakunjalo phantsi Yibone yangaphambili. Inani yeza amawaka. Kwathatha malunga ne-18 lamawaka amahashe ukususa abantu abaninzi kangaka. Ukongeza, iyadi nayo kuyafuneka amagumbi, ngoko oko okukhawulezileyo yavele ukwakhiwa amabhotwe ezintsha, uninzi lwazo ibekwe Fontainebleau kunye ngasechwebeni i-Loire River.

Zombini ebomini, kwezopolitiko isiFrentshi uKumkani uFrancis 1 ingqalelo enkulu ubugcisa, ezifana ukukrola nokupeyinta. Wenza oku ngenxa yokuba uthando ubuhle, kodwa umelo lwalo ukumkani, ngokunjalo imfazwe ze kunye Habsburgs. indoda Modern, inkundla ngoko French kusenokubonakala entsha yemiboniso yase ezitenxileyo, ekubeni inkoliso iingxande zazihonjiswe kunye eqingqiweyo benganxibanga wezithixo yamandulo. Sam Francis 1 akhetha ukuba abazotywe ngayo ezibiza ngokuba Mars - uthixo imfazwe.

Njengoba

Ababephila savela njalo wakhankanya ngokungqalileyo ukuma lakhe elinendili, nokuma lweembaleki, omde (malunga 180 cm), inkalipho kunye nengqondo yengqondo kakhulu. Yena waba yezopolitiko omkhulu ababemazi ukuze zingqonge yena njani kunye nabacebisi abanetalente, ezifana Cardinal de Tournon, Antuan Dyupra, Gilom Dyu Bellay, kunye nabanye. Nangona kukho inyaniso yokuba uFrancis 1 zazidla kokuvutha komsindo, Waba gqitha ubabalo ukumkani kuthelekiswa nabanye, obelawula lizwe phambi nasemva kwakhe.

ubuntu kuphikisana

Ukubethabethana mbali kumntu lo kumkani sisiganeko elingenakuphikiswa. Kwelinye icala, Francis 1, uKumkani waseFransi, owayelawula ukususela 1515 ukuya 1547, yaba-mkhosi olungileyo kunye knight yokwenene, abakhusela ubugcisa, apho Ixesha Renaissance, xa kuyazanywa ngabaphandi enkundleni, iimvumi kunye namagcisa. Kwelinye - ebethanda ukulwa waza wafuna ukuba athimbe impahla yakhe mazwe Italian.

Ekuqaleni kobukumkani yabantu bakhe abathandayo, kwaye ekupheleni kobomi bakhe wagqiba ukwenza ngokutshutshiswa njengabaqhekeki. Kwaba ngexesha French wakhe wayitshisayo imililo yokuqala Kwamacala, nto leyo eyanyanzelisa amaProtestanti ukuba asabe emke lendela ngokuqatha obscurantist, kude ngaphaya lizwe.