Xa eSoviet Union waba ngowokuqala ukuba ukuvula engaphantsi? History of the metro

Metro ngokwemveli ingqalelo uhlobo inokuthenjwa zezithuthi zikawonke. Oololiwe "phantsi komhlaba" akemi kwemikrozo yeemoto, ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza, nako ukuthutha inani elikhulu abakhweli. Ngenxa ngesantya kunye noqikelelo lwe sikaloliwe kuthandeka kubahlali kwizixeko ezikhulu.

imbali icala

ingumasipala nganye ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX, njengokuba ngodumo ukufumana nothungelwano olubanzi imigudu komhlaba eziya kunciphisa ukuhamba kwezithuthi emhlabeni. Aba vulindlela kulo mbandela enzima, Londoners waqala: kwikomkhulu IsiNgesi wabonakala ngaphantsi kweli hlabathi yokuqala, yaye kwenzeka indlela emva ngo1862.

intuthuzelo Special ezintsha ukuze baqhayise: i iinqwelo evulekileyo top samkhuthaza ligutyungelwe umsi kunye umle-zagutyungelwa imigudu (i zikaloliwe British wasebenzisa), ukwenza etyeni ngobude umendo yanamhlanje ka-3.6 km - kodwa oko kwaba intuthuko enkulu.

kwemikrozo yeemoto - ayongxaki entsha

EMoscow Ekuveleni elinethoba omabini iinkulungwane, akasayi kuba kakhulu kufana langoku, kodwa kakhokho kuyo nabo langutana. Kakade ke, ukuba abazange bathathe inxaxheba zesinyithi, kunye namahashe ezininzi eziqhelekileyo, kodwa ukuqokelela kungekwamthwalo umkhweli amaqela ngamanye amaxesha wayeka yezithuthi ezitratweni ngokupheleleyo.

Ingxaki ukuvuthwa ngokucacileyo kwaye, ngokukhuthazwa yaseBritani, abasemagunyeni Czarist Russian ukucinga malunga nokwakhiwa komhlaba emva kwi 1890s - elide ngaphambi kwexesha xa eSoviet Union waba ngowokuqala ukuba ukuvula engaphantsi. Yintoni ngonyaka kuqhutywe esi siganeko, ukuba le projekthi iye yamkelwa ngo-1901 (kwaye oko imilo uza kuthenga kwisitishi), asinakuze sazi. Noko ke, imbali ongabunyamezeliyo le mood esimo.

Le projekthi yokuqala Moscow Metro

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala mabini anamithathu, bekufika bathandi ezintathu: P. Balinskii, E. Knorre kunye N. Karazin sathenga isigqibo idrafti i zeengxaki zothutho eMoscow enzonzobileni ixesha labo, iitalente kunye luvo. Umzabalazo kwafuneka ukuba angene kuyo yonke inyathelo. Abanini "esiporweni" okhuphisana babesoyika. Government City ukuba aneliseke iinzuzo zabo zemali. Nkqu abefundisi wabandakanyeka, ngaphandle ekungabekwanga abangcwalisiweyo: ukuba ezizihambelayo iyakrakra ezinye ubuhle amabandla eMoscow. Kwakukho nokuba kukho uluvo lokuba i-Metro kuyingozi (!) Kuba elalini.

Ukuba akunjalo kuba inertia nokunyoluka kwamagosa, umbuzo wokuba ingaba, xa eSoviet Union waba ngowokuqala ukuba ukuvula engaphantsi, apho esixekweni kunye nonyaka ongamenzanga ingqondo, kuba inzuzo sakhiwo baya kulima kwilizwe eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa kwenzeka ngendlela eyahlukileyo. sakhatywa Balinsky project brilliant, kunye nokuphunyezwa Knorre entsha esithile 1912, kuthintele kokuqhambuka leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye neziganeko abaziwayo yotshintsho olululo. ukwakhiwa engaphantsi icala ukuba ixesha elingenammiselo: ngamaxesha isiyaluyalu ukuba okuxhaphaza ezidolophini.

Umsebenzi lo rhulkumente mtsha

Sombulula ingxaki zezithuthi ikomkhulu oselula eSoviet Union yaba abasemagunyeni abatsha. Ekuqaleni, ubunkokeli ukhangeleka nangoku ayemzonda ezinye babebona ukuba ngaphandle sikaloliwe onokuyenza: ngokubonakalayo ukwandisa inani tram, iibhasi kunye trolleybuses. Kodwa ke 30 ekuqaleni kuye kwacaca ukuba zokuhamba ukusombulula ngokupheleleyo ingxaki akanako.

Njengoko kwezinye iinzame ezininzi, ombane esisiseko yaba yezopolitiko: isigqibo Plenum weKomiti Central ngoJulayi 1931, ngoko nangoko wayalela ukuba ukuqala ukwakhiwa sikaloliwe - yaye isigqibo salo esibalulekileyo de kube mzuzu xa eSoviet Union waba ngowokuqala ukuba ukuvula engaphantsi, kwaqengqeleka iminyaka emine kuphela.

ukwakhiwa ngesando

NgoSeptemba, th 31 imibutho Metrostroy, ejikeleza migca-10 (km 80 ewonke) ezivunyiweyo ngoMatshi yama-33, yaye phakathi yasekwindla 1934 yi "Komsomolskaya" ukuba "Sokolniki" liye bendihamba kwetyala, "ukwaphula-in 'uloliwe ezibandakanya zizisu ezimbini .

Ukuba ukubonwa ingcamango ngokubanzi, kwakufuneka phantse Isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu, ukwenzela ukwakhiwa, kuba imvume kweprojekthi naphambi imini, xa eSoviet Union waba ngowokuqala ukuba ukuvula sikaloliwe - konyaka onesiqingatha. Kucacile ukuba ihamba umsebenzi isantya okukhawulezileyo: eSoviet Union, phantse bonke kwafuneka ukuba umthunzi feat nanto. Kodwa ke abakhi zentengo yemboleko - kuyinyaniso emsulwa, kunye Muscovites kufuneka sinombulelo lo msebenzi.

Isikhululo lokuqala metro ithelekiseka ukuya ubuhle zakutshanje kwanolungiso, egqalwa nabayili ononyawo mihla. iminyaka yethu kokwenzekayo ijolise ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza. Kwaye ngoko athi, xa inani lezikhululo lenyuka ezidlulileyo nekhulu, bangabi saba yinto enjalo umdla ubuhle, xa kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho amabini kuphela. Kwi-30 kulo lonke ezintsha, yaye isimo ukuya imicimbi eyahlukeneyo.

Ubuhle nokusebenza

Abakhi 'Metrostroi "ukhumbula ukuba kunyaka nje ngaphambi kwexesha xa eSoviet Union yaba engaphantsi wokuqala avuleka, bathi ke wathi izikhululo kufuneka benze iiprojekthi iintsuku 25. Ekuphela Iimfuno ezisebenza ukuba umphumo - kufuneka ibe 'entle ".

Ukuze ngetyala kwayo, abakhi kufuneka bathi umsebenzi zisingathwa ngexesha yaye "ezigqwesileyo", ukuya isisombululo nganye nganye, intsomi kunye nothando. Ngexesha eSoviet Union yaba sikaloliwe yokuqala kwavulwa elikomkhulu zalungiselelwa kwizikhululo-13. Yinto funny ukuba Kaganovich yafuna endaweni leatherette kwi izihlalo lokwenene, abamela obude yayo. zezoqoqosho Modern kweso sigqibo nje ukuba namanwele.

Isipho kakhulu Muscovites

Februwari 4, 1934 Metro uloliwe wadlula ecaleni umgca ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni, kwaye 6, oololiwe ezisibhozo komhlaba eMoscow wathabatha abakhweli yokuqala - Abathunywa bezi VII Congress.

Ekuqaleni, kwindlela engaphantsi ababenokuyidlulisela km 11.5 kuphela - ukusuka 'Sokolniki "ukuba" Park of Culture ", kunye isebe ukuba" Smolenskaya "(kamva - Arbatskaya line). Kwiinkonzo abakhweli kwakukho nezikhululo-13 kunye noololiwe-14. Kakade ke, namhlanje abahlali ikomkhulu likaThixo, le "ngokufihlakeleyo" ayizange wachukumiseka, kodwa ixesha xa eSoviet Union yaba engaphantsi wokuqala livulekile, kuba waqonda eMoscow njenge ummangaliso wokwenene. Ngosuku lokuqala, May 15, 1935, ukuba bahlaselwe uhlobo olungaziwayo lwe zothutho banqwenela 370 lamawaka. Man.

Kakade ke, hayi ngaphandle eninzi Iqabane Stalin. Ngaloo mihla, ngaphandle kwakhe akukho zabelana - kungekho ngaphandle kwaye imini xa eSoviet Union waba ngowokuqala ukuba ukuvula engaphantsi. Isitimela Zazihonjiswe ngemifanekiso senkokeli kunye elubala umxholo efanelekileyo :. "Ngenxa Stalin omkhulu lokukhathalela zooyise labasebenzi eMoscow"

Enizimiselweyo izolo nanamhla

Ndimele ndithi ukuba ngandlel 'ithile,' uyise zonke iintlanga "ngokwenene usindiswe le emihle yokwakha, akuba wagqiba ukushiya eMoscow ngo-1941, xa amaJamani weza isixeko kumgama ezibalulekileyo. October 15 - usuku kuphela kwimbali xa iingcango aliyi kuvulwa komhlaba zabakhweli yayo. Zonke kokujoliswe (kunye sikaloliwe ngokunjalo) ziye misela kwaye ukulungele intshabalalo. Ngethamsanqa, oku akuzange kwenzeke: umyalelo irhoxisiwe. Ngexesha lemfazwe, yayisebenza phantsi komhlaba ukuqhushumba yokuhlala, ukonga, yaye silinike ubomi: ngo-1941 bazalwa iintsana 217 apho.

Umnini tikiti yokuqala iye yaba ngumsebenzi rhoqo, umninindlu-mveliso "Red uyazazi" P.Latyshev. Akuthandeki ukuba ngenye imini ngoMeyi, xa eSoviet Union yaba engaphantsi wokuqala livulekile, nabani sinokucinga ukuba iprojekthi grand kuya kubangela eli phulo. Namhlanje, ubude umgca ka 327,5 km 196 ukudibanisa kwizitishi, naphezu umkhweli wendlela imihla Moscow Metro linguyena mbhexeshi ehlabathini.